1
|
Ayarde-Henríquez L, Guerra C, Duque-Noreña M, Chamorro E. Revisiting the bonding evolution theory: a fresh perspective on the ammonia pyramidal inversion and bond dissociations in ethane and borazane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27394-27408. [PMID: 37792471 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
This work offers a comprehensive and fresh perspective on the bonding evolution theory (BET) framework, originally proposed by Silvi and collaborators [X. Krokidis, S. Noury and B. Silvi, Characterization of elementary chemical processes by catastrophe theory, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1997, 101, 7277-7282]. By underscoring Thom's foundational work, we identify the parametric function characterizing bonding events along a reaction pathway through a three-step sequence to establish such association rigorously, namely: (a) computing the determinant of the Hessian matrix at all potentially degenerate critical points, (b) computing the relative distance between these points, and (c) assigning the unfolding based on these computations and considering the maximum number of critical points for each unfolding. In-depth examination of the ammonia inversion and the dissociation of ethane and ammonia borane molecules yields a striking discovery: no elliptic umbilic flag is detected along the reactive coordinate for any of the systems, contradicting previous reports. Our findings indicate that the core mechanisms of these chemical reactions can be understood using only two folds, the simplest polynomial of Thom's theory, leading to considerable simplification. In contrast to previous reports, no signatures of the elliptic umbilic unfolding were detected in any of the systems examined. This finding dramatically simplifies the topological rationalization of electron rearrangements within the BET framework, opening new approaches for investigating complex reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ayarde-Henríquez
- Trinity College Dublin, The university of Dublin. School of Physics, College Green Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Centro de Química Teórica y Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Cristian Guerra
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Centro de Química Teórica y Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ingeniería, Avenida Pedro de Valdivia 425, 7500912, Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Universidad de Córdoba, Grupo de Química Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Carrera 6 No. 77-305, Montería-Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Centro de Química Teórica y Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Centro de Química Teórica y Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ayarde-Henríquez L, Guerra C, Duque-Noreña M, Chamorro E. A simple topology-based model for predicting the activation barriers of reactive processes at 0 K. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14274-14284. [PMID: 37183509 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This work reveals an underlying correlation between the topology and energetic features of matter configurations/rearrangements by exploiting two topological concepts, namely, structural stability and persistency, leading thus to a model capable of predicting activation energies at 0 K. This finding provides some answers to the difficulties of applying Thom's functions for extracting energetic information of rate processes, which has been a limitation for exact, biological, and technological sciences. A linear relationship between the experimental barriers of 17 chemical reactions and both concepts was found by studying these systems' topography along the intrinsic reaction coordinate. Such a procedure led to the model , which accurately predicts the activation energy in reacting systems involving organic and organometallic compounds under different conditions, e.g., the gas-phase, solvent media, and temperature. This function was further recalibrated to enhance its predicting capabilities, generating the equation for this procedure, characterized by a squared Pearson correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.9774) 1.1 times higher. Surprisingly, no improvement was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ayarde-Henríquez
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, College Green Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Cristian Guerra
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Grupo de Química Computacional, Universidad de Córdoba, Carrera 6 No. 77-305, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Echeverri A, Gallegos M, Gómez T, Pendás ÁM, Cárdenas C. Calculation of the ELF in the excited state with single-determinant methods. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2887544. [PMID: 37125705 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first definition, back in 1990, the electron localization function (ELF) has settled as one of the most commonly employed techniques to characterize the nature of the chemical bond in real space. Although most of the work using the ELF has focused on the study of ground-state chemical reactivity, a growing interest has blossomed to apply these techniques to the nearly unexplored realm of excited states and photochemistry. Since accurate excited electronic states usually require to account appropriately for electron correlation, the standard single-determinant ELF formulation cannot be blindly applied to them, and it is necessary to turn to correlated ELF descriptions based on the two-particle density matrix (2-PDM). The latter requires costly wavefunction approaches, unaffordable for most of the systems of current photochemical interest. Here, we compare the exact, 2-PDM-based ELF results with those of approximate 2-PDM reconstructions taken from reduced density matrix functional theory. Our approach is put to the test in a wide variety of representative scenarios, such as those provided by the lowest-lying excited electronic states of simple diatomic and polyatomic molecules. Altogether, our results suggest that even approximate 2-PDMs are able to accurately reproduce, on a general basis, the topological and statistical features of the ELF scalar field, paving the way toward the application of cost-effective methodologies, such as time-dependent-Hartree-Fock or time-dependent density functional theory, in the accurate description of the chemical bonding in excited states of photochemical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Echeverri
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Gallegos
- Depto. Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Tatiana Gómez
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Center, Institute of Applied Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaceaux, 2801 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ángel Martín Pendás
- Depto. Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos Cárdenas
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología (CEDENNA), Avda. Ecuador 3493, Santiago 9170124, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guerra C, Ayarde-Henríquez L, Rodríguez-Núñez YA, Ensuncho A, Chamorro E. Elucidating the N-N and C-N Bond-breaking Mechanism in the Photoinduced Formation of Nitrile Imine. Chemphyschem 2023:e202200867. [PMID: 36958939 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we revealed the significance of chemical bonding for the photochemically induced mechanism of 2-phenyl tetrazole derivatives generating nitrile imines. The correlated electron localization function shows that the formation of imine nitrile involves two key bond events: (i) the heterolytic C-N breakage taking place in the T1 state and (ii) the homolytic N-N rupture occurring in the T2 excited state. In particular, a cation-radical specie results from the C-N cleavage, whereas the N-N rupture creates a biradical resonant form of imine nitrile. Additionally, we noticed that the substantial pair delocalization of the C-C-N bonded structure could play a significant role in the conversion of the biradical imine nitrile into both the propargylic and allenic forms via the T1 →S0 deactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Guerra
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile., Chile
- Universidad de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Grupo de Química Computacional., Carrera 6 No., 77-305, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Leandro Ayarde-Henríquez
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile., Chile
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, School of Physics, College Green, Dublin, 2, Ireland
| | - Yeray A Rodríguez-Núñez
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Adolfo Ensuncho
- Universidad de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Grupo de Química Computacional., Carrera 6 No., 77-305, Montería, Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile., Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guerra C, Ayarde‐Henríquez L, Chamorro E, Ensuncho A. Uncovering Triradicaloid Structures in S
1
Benzene Photochemistry**. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Guerra
- Universidad Andrés Bello Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C) and Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Avenida República 275 8370146 Santiago de Chile Chile
- Universidad de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Básicas Grupo de Química Computacional Carrera 6 No. 77–305 Montería Córdoba Colombia
| | - Leandro Ayarde‐Henríquez
- Universidad Andrés Bello Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C) and Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Avenida República 275 8370146 Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andrés Bello Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C) and Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Avenida República 275 8370146 Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Adolfo Ensuncho
- Universidad de Córdoba Facultad de Ciencias Básicas Grupo de Química Computacional Carrera 6 No. 77–305 Montería Córdoba Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ayarde Henríquez L, Guerra C, Duque-Noreña M, Rincón E, Pérez P, Chamorro E. On the Notation of Catastrophes in the Framework of Bonding Evolution Theory: the Case of Normal and Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reactions. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200343. [PMID: 35841535 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper generalizes very recent and unexpected findings [ J. Phys. Chem. A , 2021 , 125 , 5152-5165] regarding the known "direct- and inverse-electron demand" Diels-Alder mechanisms. Application of bonding evolution theory evidence that the key electron rearrangement associated with significant chemical events (e.g., the breaking/forming processes of bonds) can be characterized via the simplest fold polynomial. To the CC bond formation, neither substituent position nor the type of electronic demand induces a measurable cusp-type signature. On the opposite to the case of [4+2] cycloaddition between 1,3-butadiene and ethylene where the two new CC single bonds occur beyond the transition state (TS), in the activated cases, the first CC bond formation occurs in the domain of structural stability featuring the TS, whereas the second one remains located in the deactivation path connecting the TS with the cycloadduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristian Guerra
- Universidad Andres Bello, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, CHILE
| | | | | | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, CHILE
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andres Bello, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, CHILE
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guerra C, Ayarde-Henríquez L, Duque-Noreña M, Chamorro E. Photochemically Induced 1,3-Butadiene Ring-Closure from the Topological Analysis of the Electron Localization Function Viewpoint. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200217. [PMID: 35689411 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The electronic rearrangement featuring the photochemically-induced 1,3-cis-butadiene is discussed within a bonding evolution theory (BET) perspective based on the topological analysis of the electron localization function and Thom's catastrophe theory. The process involves the vertical singlet-singlet excitation S0 →S2 , and the subsequent deactivation implying the S2 /S1 and S1 /S0 conical intersection regions. BET results reveal that the new CC bond is finally formed on the S0 surface, as also recently found in the photochemical addition of two ethylenes [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 23, 20598, (2021)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Guerra
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas. Avenida, República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Universidad de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Química, Grupo de Química Computacional (GQC)., Carrera 6 No, 77- 305, Montería - Córdoba, Colombia
| | - Leandro Ayarde-Henríquez
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas. Avenida, República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas. Avenida, República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas. Avenida, República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ayarde-Henríquez L, Guerra C, Duque-Noreña M, Chamorro E. Unraveling the role of the electron-pair density symmetry in reaction mechanism patterns: the Newman–Kwart rearrangement. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01501c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an underlying intimate relationship between Thom's catastrophe theory and the electron-pair density evidenced along a reaction pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ayarde-Henríquez
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Cristian Guerra
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Mario Duque-Noreña
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Eduardo Chamorro
- Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| |
Collapse
|