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Bandpey M, Barz DPJ. Effects of interlayer space engineering and surface modification on the charge storage mechanisms of MXene nanomaterials: A review on recent developments. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15078-15093. [PMID: 39072431 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01317d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional MXenes were discovered in 2011 and, because of their outstanding properties, have attracted significant attention as electrode materials for supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and hybrid energy storage devices. Numerous studies were dedicated to identifying feasible charge storage mechanisms in MXenes and investigating the effects of structural and superficial properties on the corresponding mechanisms. The results clarify that interlayer distance and surface termination groups in MXenes significantly determine the deliverable energy and power density in respective energy storage devices. Additionally, due to van der Waals interactions, adjacent MXene sheets tend to aggregate and restack during electrode preparation or charge and discharge cycling, reducing the MXene interlayer distance and deteriorating its energy storage ability. In this review, we first summarize the different charge storage mechanisms applicable to MXenes in different energy storage devices and describe the effect of interlayer spacing and surface termination groups. Then, different interlayer space engineering methods are reviewed in terms of materials and procedures, and their impact on the electrochemical behavior and restacking tendency of MXene is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bandpey
- Graphene Integrated Functional Technologies (GIFT) Research Cluster, Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Dominik P J Barz
- Graphene Integrated Functional Technologies (GIFT) Research Cluster, Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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2
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Sun K, Ying S, Fang T, Zhou G, Liu X. Revealing the Two-Stage Charging Process in Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:15080-15091. [PMID: 38979577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional MXene materials perform excellently in supercapacitor applications, but self-stacking and overlap limit their applications. Constructing a reasonable layered structure by combining MXene and graphene can effectively inhibit the restacking and overlap of MXene and improve the performance of supercapacitors. In this work, we studied the energy storage performance of a conventional MXene electrode and MXene/graphene composite electrode in sulfuric acid aqueous electrolyte by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and analyzed their energy storage mechanisms. The simulation results reveal that the MXene/graphene composite electrode showed faster charge-discharge speed and larger capacity and had more obvious advantages as a cathode. The charging process of the composite cathode can be divided into two stages. In the first stage, SO42- and H3O+ enter the electrode as a whole in a nearly 1:2 ratio, and a unique three-layer structure is formed in the graphene area, while a large number of HSO4- leaves the electrode. In the second stage, SO42- with a part of H3O+ (ratio of 2:2 to 2:3) leave the electrode, and the three-layer structure is gradually destroyed. The cooperation of these two stages leads to a particular "concave" in the total energy change of the composite cathode. The introduction of graphene has brought about changes in ion distribution, migration mechanism, and energy change, making the MXene/graphene cathode show significant advantages in energy storage. This work is of great significance for understanding the microscopic energy storage mechanism of MXene/graphene-based electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqing Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Shengzhe Ying
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Timing Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
- Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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Sun X, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu Z, Dong K, Zhang S. Effect of Interlayer Spaces and Interfacial Structures on High-Performance MXene/Ionic Liquid Supercapacitors: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2220-2229. [PMID: 38214961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The combination of high-capacitance MXenes and wide-electrochemical-window ionic liquids (ILs) has exhibited bright prospects in supercapacitors. Several strategies, such as surficial functionalization and interlayer spacing tuning, have been used to enhance the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors. However, the lack of theoretical guidance on these strategies, including the effects of the microenvironment in the interlayer of confined ILs, hindered the further exploration of such devices. Herein, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to comprehensively investigate the effects of the interlayer space and surface terminations of MXene electrodes on capacity. The results show that the electrical double layer (EDL) structure was found to form on the interface between the MXene electrode and ILs electrolyte by analyzing the ion number density and charge density in the nanometer confined spaces. Under the same potential, the -OH terminations significantly impact the ion orientation in the EDL, particularly near the electrode surface, where cations tend to align vertically, allowing the retention of more cations at the electrode surfaces. Interestingly, such an orientation distribution was decisively from the hydrogen bonds expressed by O-H···O between the -OH termination of MXene and -OH groups of ILs. The differential capacitances of the supercapacitors were calculated by the surficial electron density, and it showed that the capacitance is a nearly one-quarter increase in the 14 Å interlayer spacing compared with that of 10 Å under an applied potential of 2 V. At the same time, the Ti3C2(OH)2 electrode had a higher differential capacitance than the Ti3C2O2 electrode, which possibly originates from the stronger hydrogen bonds to contribute to the vertical aggregation of the cations. Our results highlighted the roles of the interlayer spacing distance and surface terminations of the MXene on the performance of the type of supercapacitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450000, P.R. China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Kun Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450000, P.R. China
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Lin X, Tee SR, Kent PRC, Searles DJ, Cummings PT. Development of Heteroatomic Constant Potential Method with Application to MXene-Based Supercapacitors. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:651-664. [PMID: 38211325 PMCID: PMC10809414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
We describe a method for modeling constant-potential charges in heteroatomic electrodes, keeping pace with the increasing complexity of electrode composition and nanostructure in electrochemical research. The proposed "heteroatomic constant potential method" (HCPM) uses minimal added parameters to handle differing electronegativities and chemical hardnesses of different elements, which we fit to density functional theory (DFT) partial charge predictions in this paper by using derivative-free optimization. To demonstrate the model, we performed molecular dynamics simulations using both HCPM and conventional constant potential method (CPM) for MXene electrodes with Li-TFSI/AN (lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide/acetonitrile)-based solvent-in-salt electrolytes. Although the two methods show similar accumulated charge storage on the electrodes, the results indicated that HCPM provides a more reliable depiction of electrode atom charge distribution and charge response compared with CPM, accompanied by increased cationic attraction to the MXene surface. These results highlight the influence of elemental composition on electrode performance, and the flexibility of our HCPM opens up new avenues for studying the performance of diverse heteroatomic electrodes including other types of MXenes, two-dimensional materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and doped carbonaceous electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lin
- Multiscale
Modeling and Simulation Center, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
| | - Shern R. Tee
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R. C. Kent
- Computational
Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Debra J. Searles
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter T. Cummings
- Multiscale
Modeling and Simulation Center, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1604, United States
- School of
Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, U.K.
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Guan S, Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhu X, Ye D, Chen R, Liao Q. A Dual-Functional MXene-Based Bioanode for Wearable Self-Charging Biosupercapacitors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305854. [PMID: 37671789 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
As a reliable energy-supply platform for wearable electronics, biosupercapacitors combine the characteristics of biofuel cells and supercapacitors to harvest and store the energy from human's sweat. However, the bulky preparation process and deep embedding of enzyme active sites in bioelectrodes usually limit the energy-harvesting process, retarding the practical power-supply sceneries especially during the complicated in vivo motion. Herein, a MXene/single-walled carbon nanotube/lactate oxidase hierarchical structure as the dual-functional bioanode is designed, which can not only provide a superior 3D catalytic microenvironment for enzyme accommodation to harvest energy from sweat, but also offers sufficient capacitance to store energy via the electrical double-layer capacitor. A wearable biosupercapacitor is fabricated in the "island-bridge" structure with a composite bioanode, active carbon/Pt cathode, polyacrylamide hydrogel substrate, and liquid metal conductor. The device exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 0.48 V and the high power density of 220.9 µW cm-2 at 0.5 mA cm-2 . The compact conformal adhesion with skin is successfully maintained under stretching/bending conditions. After repeatedly stretching the devices, there is no significant power attenuation in pulsed output. The unique bioelectrode structure and attractive energy harvesting/storing properties demonstrate the promising potential of this biosupercapacitor as a micro self-powered platform of wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujie Guan
- Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Powering Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Powering Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Powering Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Powering Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Dingding Ye
- Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Powering Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Powering Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Powering Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400030, China
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Prabhakar Vattikuti SV, Shim J, Rosaiah P, Mauger A, Julien CM. Recent Advances and Strategies in MXene-Based Electrodes for Supercapacitors: Applications, Challenges and Future Prospects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 14:62. [PMID: 38202517 PMCID: PMC10780966 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
With the growing demand for technologies to sustain high energy consumption, supercapacitors are gaining prominence as efficient energy storage solutions beyond conventional batteries. MXene-based electrodes have gained recognition as a promising material for supercapacitor applications because of their superior electrical conductivity, extensive surface area, and chemical stability. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the recent progress and strategies in the development of MXene-based electrodes for supercapacitors. It covers various synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and performance parameters of these electrodes. The review also highlights the current challenges and limitations, including scalability and stability issues, and suggests potential solutions. The future outlooks and directions for further research in this field are also discussed, including the creation of new synthesis methods and the exploration of novel applications. The aim of the review is to offer a current and up-to-date understanding of the state-of-the-art in MXene-based electrodes for supercapacitors and to stimulate further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaesool Shim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (S.V.P.V.); (J.S.)
| | - Pitcheri Rosaiah
- Department of Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India;
| | - Alain Mauger
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmologie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Christian M. Julien
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmologie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, UMR-CNRS 7590, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;
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Qiu X, Dai L, Li H, Qu K, Li R. Pillaring Behavior of Organic Molecules on MXene: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:14912-14921. [PMID: 37812693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Pillaring MXene with organic molecules is an effective approach to expand the interlayer spacing and increase the accessible surface area for enhanced performance in energy storage applications. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations are employed to explore the pillaring effect of six organic molecules on Ti3C2O2. The interlayer spacing and structural characteristics of MXene after the insertion of different organic molecules are examined, and the influence of the type and quantity of organic molecules on the pillared MXene structure is systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the inserted molecules are influenced by interactions between MXene layers, resulting in a thinner morphology. Effective pillar support on MXene is achieved only when a specific quantity of organic molecules is inserted between the layers. Furthermore, different organic molecules occupy distinct surface areas on MXene when acting as pillars. Pillaring molecules with a Pi-conjugated ring structure require a larger surface area on MXene, whereas those with a branched structure occupy a smaller surface area. Additionally, organic molecules containing oxygen functional groups tend to aggregate due to hydrogen bonding, impeding their diffusion within MXene sheets. Considering the interlayer expansion of MXene, surface area occupation, and diffusion characteristics, the isopropylamine demonstrates the most favorable pillaring effect on MXene. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and application of pillared MXenes in energy storage and other applications. Further studies on the properties and applications of the optimized pillared MXene structures will be conducted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcui Qiu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Li Dai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Konggang Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Rui Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
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Garg R, Patra NR, Samal S, Babbar S, Parida K. A review on accelerated development of skin-like MXene electrodes: from experimental to machine learning. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8110-8133. [PMID: 37096943 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05969j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Foreshadowing future needs has catapulted the progress of skin-like electronic devices for human-machine interactions. These devices possess human skin-like properties such as stretchability, self-healability, transparency, biocompatibility, and wearability. This review highlights the recent progress in a promising material, MXenes, to realize soft, deformable, skin-like electrodes. Various structural designs, fabrication strategies, and rational guidelines adopted to realize MXene-based skin-like electrodes are outlined. We explicitly discussed machine learning-based material informatics to understand and predict the properties of MXenes. Finally, an outlook on the existing challenges and the future roadmap to realize soft skin-like MXene electrodes to facilitate technological advances in the next-generation human-machine interactions has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Garg
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | | | - Shubham Babbar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab, India
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Hu P, Chai R, Wang P, Yang J, Zhou S. Supercapacitive properties of MnNiS @Ti3C2T MXene positive electrode assisted by functionalized ionic liquid. Chin J Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Prominently Improved CO2/N2 Separation Efficiency by Ultrathin-Ionic-Liquid-Covered MXene Membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Yang S, Deng Y, Zhou S. Capacitive Behavior of Aqueous Electrical Double Layer Based on Dipole Dimer Water Model. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:16. [PMID: 36615925 PMCID: PMC9824578 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to investigate the possibility of using the dipole dimer as water model in describing the electrical double layer capacitor capacitance behaviors. Several points are confirmed. First, the use of the dipole dimer water model enables several experimental phenomena of aqueous electrical double layer capacitance to be achievable: suppress the differential capacitance values gravely overestimated by the hard sphere water model and continuum medium water model, respectively; reproduce the negative correlation effect between the differential capacitance and temperature, insensitivity of the differential capacitance to bulk electrolyte concentration, and camel-shaped capacitance-voltage curves; and more quantitatively describe the camel peak position of the capacitance-voltage curve and its dependence on the counter-ion size. Second, we fully illustrate that the electric dipole plays an irreplaceable role in reproducing the above experimentally confirmed capacitance behaviors and the previous hard sphere water model without considering the electric dipole is simply not competent. The novelty of the paper is that it shows the potential of the dipole dimer water model in helping reproduce experimentally verified aqueous electric double layer capacitance behaviors. One can expect to realize this potential by properly selecting parameters such as the dimer site size, neutral interaction, residual dielectric constant, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songming Yang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Zhili College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Youer Deng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shiqi Zhou
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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