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Sun J, Dong J, Gao L, Zhao YQ, Moon H, Scott SL. Catalytic Upcycling of Polyolefins. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9457-9579. [PMID: 39151127 PMCID: PMC11363024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024]
Abstract
The large production volumes of commodity polyolefins (specifically, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(vinyl chloride)), in conjunction with their low unit values and multitude of short-term uses, have resulted in a significant and pressing waste management challenge. Only a small fraction of these polyolefins is currently mechanically recycled, with the rest being incinerated, accumulating in landfills, or leaking into the natural environment. Since polyolefins are energy-rich materials, there is considerable interest in recouping some of their chemical value while simultaneously motivating more responsible end-of-life management. An emerging strategy is catalytic depolymerization, in which a portion of the C-C bonds in the polyolefin backbone is broken with the assistance of a catalyst and, in some cases, additional small molecule reagents. When the products are small molecules or materials with higher value in their own right, or as chemical feedstocks, the process is called upcycling. This review summarizes recent progress for four major catalytic upcycling strategies: hydrogenolysis, (hydro)cracking, tandem processes involving metathesis, and selective oxidation. Key considerations include macromolecular reaction mechanisms relative to small molecule mechanisms, catalyst design for macromolecular transformations, and the effect of process conditions on product selectivity. Metrics for describing polyolefin upcycling are critically evaluated, and an outlook for future advances is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Sun
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Jinhu Dong
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Lijun Gao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Yu-Quan Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Hyunjin Moon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United
States
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2
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Pichugov AV, Escomel L, Lassalle S, Petit J, Jabbour R, Gajan D, Veyre L, Fonda E, Lesage A, Thieuleux C, Camp C. Highly Selective and Efficient Perdeuteration of n-Pentane via H/D Exchange Catalyzed by a Silica-Supported Hafnium-Iridium Bimetallic Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400992. [PMID: 38373040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
A Surface OrganoMetallic Chemistry (SOMC) approach is used to prepare a novel hafnium-iridium catalyst immobilized on silica, HfIr/SiO2, featuring well-defined [≡SiOHf(CH2 tBu)2(μ-H)3IrCp*] surface sites. Unlike the monometallic analogous materials Hf/SiO2 and Ir/SiO2, which promote n-pentane deuterogenolysis through C-C bond scission, we demonstrate that under the same experimental conditions (1 bar D2, 250 °C, 3 h, 0.5 mol %), the heterobimetallic catalyst HfIr/SiO2 is highly efficient and selective for the perdeuteration of alkanes with D2, exemplified on n-pentane, without substantial deuterogenolysis (<2 % at 95 % conversion). Furthermore this HfIr/SiO2 catalyst is robust and can be re-used several times without evidence of decomposition. This represents substantial advance in catalytic H/D isotope exchange (HIE) reactions of C(sp3)-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Pichugov
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Léon Escomel
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Lassalle
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Petit
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ribal Jabbour
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Veyre
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emiliano Fonda
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP-48, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clément Camp
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
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Li H, Wu J, Jiang Z, Ma J, Zavala VM, Landis CR, Mavrikakis M, Huber GW. Hydroformylation of pyrolysis oils to aldehydes and alcohols from polyolefin waste. Science 2023; 381:660-666. [PMID: 37561862 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Waste plastics are an abundant feedstock for the production of renewable chemicals. Pyrolysis of waste plastics produces pyrolysis oils with high concentrations of olefins (>50 weight %). The traditional petrochemical industry uses several energy-intensive steps to produce olefins from fossil feedstocks such as naphtha, natural gas, and crude oil. In this work, we demonstrate that pyrolysis oil can be used to produce aldehydes through hydroformylation, taking advantage of the olefin functionality. These aldehydes can then be reduced to mono- and dialcohols, oxidized to mono- and dicarboxylic acids, or aminated to mono- and diamines by using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. This route produces high-value oxygenated chemicals from low-value postconsumer recycled polyethylene. We project that the chemicals produced by this route could lower greenhouse gas emissions ~60% compared with their production through petroleum feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqian Li
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jiayang Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jiaze Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Victor M Zavala
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Clark R Landis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - George W Huber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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4
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Current Prospects for Plastic Waste Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153133. [PMID: 35956648 PMCID: PMC9370925 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive amount of global plastic produced over the past century, together with poor waste management, has raised concerns about environmental sustainability. Plastic recycling has become a practical approach for diminishing plastic waste and maintaining sustainability among plastic waste management methods. Chemical and mechanical recycling are the typical approaches to recycling plastic waste, with a simple process, low cost, environmentally friendly process, and potential profitability. Several plastic materials, such as polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, and polyurethanes, can be recycled with chemical and mechanical recycling approaches. Nevertheless, due to plastic waste’s varying physical and chemical properties, plastic waste separation becomes a challenge. Hence, a reliable and effective plastic waste separation technology is critical for increasing plastic waste’s value and recycling rate. Integrating recycling and plastic waste separation technologies would be an efficient method for reducing the accumulation of environmental contaminants produced by plastic waste, especially in industrial uses. This review addresses recent advances in plastic waste recycling technology, mainly with chemical recycling. The article also discusses the current recycling technology for various plastic materials.
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Cannavacciuolo FD, Yadav R, Esper A, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Zaccaria F, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V, Goryunov GP, Uborsky DV, Voskoboynikov AZ, Searles K, Ehm C, Veige AS. A High-Throughput Approach to Repurposing Olefin Polymerization Catalysts for Polymer Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202258. [PMID: 35263499 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and economical plastic waste upcycling relies on the development of catalysts capable of polymer degradation. A systematic high-throughput screening of twenty-eight polymerization catalyst precursors, belonging to the catalyst families of metallocenes, ansa-metallocenes, and hemi- and post-metallocenes, in cis-1,4-polybutadiene (PB) degradation reveals, for the first time, important structure-activity correlations. The upcycling conditions involve activation of the catalysts (at 0.18 % catalyst loading) with tri-iso-butyl aluminum at 50 °C in toluene. The data indicate the ability to degrade PB is a general reactivity profile of neutral group 4 metal hydrides. A simple quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) model utilizing two descriptors for the distribution of steric bulk in the active pocket and one measuring the metal ion electrophilicity reveals the degradation ability improves with increased but not overbearing steric congestion and lower electrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia D Cannavacciuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alec Esper
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Peter H M Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Georgy P Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Z Voskoboynikov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Cannavacciuolo FD, Yadav R, Esper A, Vittoria A, Antinucci G, Zaccaria F, Cipullo R, Budzelaar PHM, Busico V, Goryunov GP, Uborsky DV, Voskoboynikov AZ, Searles K, Ehm C, Veige AS. A High‐Throughput Approach to Repurposing Olefin Polymerization Catalysts for Polymer Upcycling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rinku Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Alec Esper
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Antonio Vittoria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Giuseppe Antinucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Zaccaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Roberta Cipullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Vincenzo Busico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Georgy P. Goryunov
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 1/3 Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Uborsky
- Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 1/3 Leninskie Gory 119991 Moscow Russia
| | | | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Christian Ehm
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Adam S. Veige
- Department of Chemistry Center for Catalysis University of Florida P.O. Box 117200 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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