1
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Poungsripong P, Boonprab T, Harding P, Murray KS, Phonsri W, Zhang N, Kitchen JA, Harding DJ. Synthesis, mixed-spin-state structure and Langmuir-Blodgett deposition of amphiphilic Fe(iii) quinolylsalicylaldiminate complexes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:28716-28723. [PMID: 39257657 PMCID: PMC11384930 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra06111j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Designing and integrating Fe(iii)-based spin crossover (SCO) complexes onto substrates remains a challenging goal with only a handful of examples reported. In this work, we successfully synthesized and characterized three [Fe(qsal-OR)2]NO3 (qsal-OR = 5-alkoxy-2-[(8-quinolylimino)methyl]phenolate) complexes, in which R = C12H251, C16H332, and C22H453 to explore the impact of alkyl chain on the modulation of SCO activity and potential for self-assembly on a glass surface. The SCO is found to be gradual and incomplete in all cases, with the LS state more stabilised as the alkyl group shortens. We also demonstrate that all complexes form stable Langmuir films and achieve good transfer ratios to the glass surface, with 2 being the best in terms of stability. This paves the way for the SCO modulation of complexes in this class and the development of SCO devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeranuch Poungsripong
- Functional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, Walailak University Thasala Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160 Thailand
| | - Theerapoom Boonprab
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
| | - Phimphaka Harding
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
| | - Keith S Murray
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Wasinee Phonsri
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Ningjin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton University Road Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Jonathan A Kitchen
- Department of Chemistry, Auckland University of Technology New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology New Zealand
| | - David J Harding
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
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2
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Izumiyama N, Fujii S, Kato K, Tokunaga R, Hayami S, Nakaya M. Spin-crossover cobalt(II) complexes exhibiting temperature- and concentration-dependent optical changes in solution. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9547-9553. [PMID: 38768302 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
This work investigated the spin states of the cobalt(II) complexes [Co(L1)2](X)2 (1·X; L1 = 4'-(4-N,N'-diphenylaminophenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, X = PF6, BPh4) and [Co(L2)2](X)2 (2·X; L2 = 4'-(4-N,N'-dimethylaminophenyl)-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine, X = PF6, BPh4) in the solid state and in solution. In the solid state, 1·PF6 and 2·PF6, both containing smaller PF6- counter anions, showed gradual spin-crossover. In contrast, 1·BPh4 and 2·BPh4 remained in the high-spin state over the temperature range of 5-400 K due to a lower degree of molecular cooperativity. Each of the cobalt(II) complexes exhibited effects of temperature and concentration on their absorption spectra that were related to the spin states in various organic solvents. This work provides new insights into the spectroscopic properties resulting from the spin states of cobalt(II) complexes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Izumiyama
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
| | - Shun Fujii
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
| | - Kiichi Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Ryuya Tokunaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinya Hayami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials (IINa), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakaya
- Department of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
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3
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Sun YC, Chen FL, Wang KJ, Zhao Y, Wei HY, Wang XY. Hysteretic Spin Crossover with High Transition Temperatures in Two Cobalt(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14863-14872. [PMID: 37676750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Cooperative spin crossover transitions with thermal hysteresis loops are rarely observed in cobalt(II) complexes. Herein, two new mononuclear cobalt(II) complexes with hysteretic spin crossover at relatively high temperatures (from 320 to 400 K), namely, [Co(terpy-CH2OH)2]·X2 (terpy-CH2OH = 4'-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2';6',2″-terpyridine, X = SCN-(1) and SeCN- (2)), have been synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically. Both compounds are mononuclear CoII complexes with two chelating terpy-CH2OH ligands. Magnetic measurements revealed the existence of the hysteretic SCO transitions for both complexes. For compound 1, a one-step transition with T1/2↑= 334.5 K was observed upon heating, while a two-step transition is observed upon cooling with T1/2↓(1) = 329.3 K and T1/2↓(2) = 324.1 K (at a temperature sweep rate of 5 K/min). As for compound 2, a hysteresis loop with a width of 5 K (T1/2↓ = 391.6 K and T1/2↑ = 396.6 K, at a sweep rate of 5 K/min) can be observed. Thanks to the absence of the crystallized lattice solvents, their single crystals are stable enough at high temperatures for the structure determination at both spin states, which reveals that the hysteretic SCO transitions in both complexes originate from the crystallographic phase transitions involving a thermally induced order-disorder transition of the dangling -CH2OH groups in the ligand. This work shows that the modification of the terpy ligand has an important effect on the magnetic properties of the resulting cobalt(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feng-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kang-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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4
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Change in the Electronic Structure of the Cobalt(II) Ion in a One-Dimensional Polymer with Flexible Linkers Induced by a Structural Phase Transition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010215. [PMID: 36613658 PMCID: PMC9820815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new 1D-coordination polymer [Co(Piv)2(NH2(CH2)6NH2)]n (1, Piv is Me3CCO2- anion) was obtained, the mononuclear fragments {Co(O2CR)2} within which are linked by μ-bridged molecules of hexamethylenediamine (NH2(CH2)6NH2). For this compound, two different monoclinic C2/c (α-1) and P2/n (β-1) phases were found at room temperature by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, with a similar structure of chains and their packages in unit cells. The low-temperature phase (γ-1) of crystal 1 at 150 K corresponds to the triclinic space group P-1. As the temperature decreases, the structural phase transition (SPT) in the α-1 and β-1 crystals is accompanied by an increase in the crystal packing density caused by the rearrangements of both H-bonds and the nearest ligand environment of the cobalt atom ("octahedral CoN2O4 around the metal center at room temperature" → "pseudo-tetrahedral CoN2O2 at 150 K"). The SPT was confirmed by DSC in the temperature range 210-150 K; when heated above 220 K, anomalies in the behavior of the heat flow are observed, which may be associated with the reversibility of SPT; endo effects are observed up to 300 K. The SPT starts below 200 K. At 100 K, a mixture of phases was found in sample 1: 27% α-1 phase, 61% γ-1 phase. In addition, at 100 K, 12% of the new δ-1 phase was detected, which was identified from the diffraction pattern at 260 K upon subsequent heating: the a,b,c-parameters and unit cell volume are close to the structure parameters of γ-1, and the values of the α,β,γ-angles are significantly different. Further heating leads to a phase transition from δ-1 to α-1, which both coexist at room temperature. According to the DC magnetometry data, during cooling and heating, the χMT(T) curves for 1 form a hysteresis loop with ~110 K, in which the difference in the χMT values reaches 9%. Ab initio calculations of the electronic structure of cobalt(II) in α-1 and γ-1 have been performed. Based on the EPR data at 10 K and the ab initio calculations, the behavior of the χMT(T) curve for 1 was simulated in the temperature range of 2-150 K. It was found that 1 exhibits slow magnetic relaxation in a field of 1000 Oe.
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Paliwoda D, Vendier L, Nicolazzi W, Molnár G, Bousseksou A. Pressure Tuning of Coupled Structural and Spin State Transitions in the Molecular Complex [Fe(H 2B(pz) 2) 2(phen)]. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15991-16002. [PMID: 36162137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The large volume change, which accompanies the molecular spin crossover (SCO) phenomenon in some transition metal complexes, prompts frequently the coupling of the SCO with other instabilities. Understanding the driving mechanism(s) of such coupled phase transitions is not only important for fundamental reasons but also provides scope for the development of multifunctional materials. The general theoretical expectation is that the coupling has elastic origin, and the sequence of transitions can be tuned by an externally applied pressure, but dedicated experiments remain scarce. Here, we used high-pressure and low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction to investigate the high-spin (HS) to low-spin (LS) transitions in the molecular complexes [FeII(H2B(pz)2)2(bipy)] and [FeII(H2B(pz)2)2(phen)]. In the bipyridine complex, the SCO is continuous and isostructural over the whole T, P-range (100-300 K, 0-2 GPa). In the phenanthroline derivative, however, the SCO is concomitant with a symmetry-breaking transition (C2/c to P1̅). Structural analysis reveals that the coupling between the two phenomena can be tuned by external pressure from a virtually simultaneous HSC2/c-LSP1̅ transition to the sequence of HSC2/c-LSC2/c-LSP1̅ transitions. The correlation of spontaneous strain and order parameter behaviors highlights that the "separated" transitions remain still connected via strain coupling, whereas the "simultaneous" transitions are partially split.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Paliwoda
- LCC, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INP), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INP), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - William Nicolazzi
- LCC, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INP), 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Gábor Molnár
- LCC, CNRS & Université de Toulouse (UPS, INP), 31077 Toulouse, France
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6
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Liu S, Zhu Z, Li XL, Tang J. New iron( ii) spin-crossover metallomesogen with long aliphatic chain terminated by a CC bond. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01181b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new Fe(ii) complex with long aliphatic chains and terminal CC bonds exhibits SCO behavior and liquid-crystalline properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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7
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Zhao Y, Wang L, Xue S, Guo Y. Reversible coordination-induced spin state switching in a nickel( ii) complex via a crystal-to-crystal transformation. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented CISSS behavior driven by a single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) process is found in a dinuclear nickel(ii) complex, which provides a new strategy for developing external-stimuli molecular magnetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shufang Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yunnan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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8
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KANETOMO T, Ni Z, Enomoto M. Hydrogen-Bonded Cobalt(II)-Organic Framework: Normal and Reverse Spin-Crossover Behaviours. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5034-5040. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00453d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel hydrogen-bonded metal-organic framework (H-MOF) [Co(HL)2](DMF)1.2(H2O)2.4 (1·solv), in which L = 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine-5,5’-diyl biscarboxylate, was prepared. An intermolecular single H-bond between carboxy and carboxylate sites was present in this compound....
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9
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Guo Y, Rotaru A, Müller-Bunz H, Morgan GG, Zhang S, Xue S, Garcia Y. Auxiliary alkyl chain modulated spin crossover behaviour of [Fe(H 2Bpz 2) 2(C n-bipy)] complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12835-12842. [PMID: 34309614 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01787j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three new alkyl chain substituted complexes [Fe(H2Bpz2)2(Cn-bipy)] (pz = pyrazolyl, Cn-bipy = bipyridine alkyl chain diester, n = 3 (3), 4 (4) and 5 (5)) show versatile spin state switching behaviour with different "tail" lengths as revealed by structural and magnetic analyses. The most striking phenomenon is observed for 5 which undergoes an abrupt spin transition accompanied by thermal hysteresis of ca. 10 K, which is attributed to crystal packing effects derived from the competition between ππ and C-HO interactions. Interestingly, each of the complexes exhibits similar gradual and complete spin crossover in methanol solution with a transition temperature around 249 K, as deduced from temperature-dependent UV-vis spectroscopy. This highlights the differences between the solid state (ligand field; crystal packing) and solution (ligand field; solvation) effects on spin crossover. This work demonstrates that the length of the complex's alkyl chain substituents on the complex can have a large impact on the transition temperature and profile of solid state spin crossover, offering a potential path to the fabrication of soft matter spin crossover materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunnan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. and Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (IMCN/MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Aurelian Rotaru
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science & MANSiD Research Center, "Stefan cel Mare" University, University Street, 13, Suceava 720229, Romania
| | - Helge Müller-Bunz
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Grace G Morgan
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Shishen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Shufang Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. and Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (IMCN/MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Yann Garcia
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (IMCN/MOST), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
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Capel Berdiell I, García-López V, Howard MJ, Clemente-León M, Halcrow MA. The effect of tether groups on the spin states of iron(II)/bis[2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine] complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7417-7426. [PMID: 33969863 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01076j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of six 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine derivatives bearing dithiolane or carboxylic acid tether groups is described: [2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyrid-4-yl]methyl (R)-lipoate (L1), 2-[(2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)-4-carboxamido]ethyl (R)-lipoate (L2), 2-[(2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)-4-carboxy]ethyl (R)-lipoate (L3), N-([2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyrid-4-ylsulfanyl]-2-aminoethyl (R)-lipoamide (L4), 2-[(2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)-4-carboxamido]acetic acid (L5) and 2-[(2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)-4-carboxamido]propionic acid (L6). The iron(ii) perchlorate complexes of all the new ligands exhibit gradual thermal spin-crossover (SCO) in the solid state above room temperature, except L4 whose complex remains predominantly high-spin. Crystalline [Fe(L6)2][ClO4]2·2MeCN contains three unique cation sites which alternate within hydrogen-bonded chains, and undergo gradual SCO at different temperatures upon warming. The SCO midpoint temperature (T1/2) of the complexes in CD3CN solution ranges between 208-274 K, depending on the functional group linking the tether groups to the pyridyl ring. This could be useful for predicting how these complexes might behave when deposited on gold or silica surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izar Capel Berdiell
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK LS2 9JT.
| | - Victor García-López
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Spain
| | - Mark J Howard
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK LS2 9JT.
| | - Miguel Clemente-León
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Spain
| | - Malcolm A Halcrow
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, UK LS2 9JT.
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Galadzhun I, Kulmaczewski R, Shahid N, Cespedes O, Howard MJ, Halcrow MA. The flexibility of long chain substituents influences spin-crossover in isomorphous lipid bilayer crystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4039-4042. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
These two compounds are isomorphous but show different spin-state behaviour on cooling. This may be influenced by the packing of alkyl vs. alkynyl chains in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Namrah Shahid
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Woodhouse Lane
- Leeds
- UK
| | - Oscar Cespedes
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Leeds
- Leeds LS2 9JT
- UK
| | - Mark J. Howard
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- Woodhouse Lane
- Leeds
- UK
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