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Cliffe MJ. Inorganic Metal Thiocyanates. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13137-13156. [PMID: 38980309 PMCID: PMC11271006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Metal thiocyanates were some of the first pseudohalide compounds to be discovered and adopt a diverse range of structures. This review describes the structures, properties, and syntheses of the known binary and ternary metal thiocyanates. It provides a categorization of their diverse structures and connects them to the structures of atomic inorganic materials. In addition to this description of characterized binary and ternary thiocyanates, this review summarizes the state of knowledge for all other binary metal thiocyanates. It concludes by highlighting opportunities for future materials development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Cliffe
- School of Chemistry, University
of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Joos M, Conrad M, Rad A, Kaghazchi P, Bette S, Merkle R, Dinnebier RE, Schleid T, Maier J. Ion transport mechanism in anhydrous lithium thiocyanate LiSCN Part I: ionic conductivity and defect chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20189-20197. [PMID: 35971978 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01836e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the ion transport properties and defect chemistry in anhydrous lithium thiocyanate Li(SCN), which is a pseudo-halide Li+ cation conductor. An extensive doping study was conducted, employing magnesium, zinc and cobalt thiocyanate as donor dopants to systematically vary the conductivity and derive a defect model. The investigations are based on impedance measurements and supported by other analytical techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The material was identified as Schottky disordered with lithium vacancies being the majority mobile charge carriers. In the case of Mg2+ as dopant, defect association with lithium vacancies was observed at low temperatures. Despite a comparably low Schottky defect formation enthalpy of (0.6 ± 0.3) eV, the unexpectedly high lithium vacancy migration enthalpy of (0.89 ± 0.08) eV distinguishes Li(SCN) from the chemically related lithium halides. A detailed defect model of Li(SCN) is presented and respective thermodynamic and kinetic data are given. The thiocyanate anion (SCN)- has a significant impact on ion mobility due to its anisotropic structure and bifunctionality in forming both Li-N and Li-S bonds. More details about the impact on ion dynamics at local and global scale, and on the defect chemical analysis of the premelting regime at high temperatures are given in separate publications (Part II and Part III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Joos
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Maurice Conrad
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Present address; Institut für Photovoltaik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ashkan Rad
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Payam Kaghazchi
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Materials Synthesis and Processing (IEK-1), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rotraut Merkle
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Thomas Schleid
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim Maier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Näther C, Jess I, Krebs C, Poschmann MPM. Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of a new hydrate of manganese thiocyanate with composition Mn(NCS)2(H2O)2. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Näther
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Institut für Anorganische Chemie Max-Eyth-Straße 2 24118 Kiel GERMANY
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Joos M, Conrad M, Moudrakovski I, Terban MW, Rad A, Kaghazchi P, Merkle R, Dinnebier RE, Schleid T, Maier J. Ion Transport Mechanism in Anhydrous Lithium Thiocyanate LiSCN Part II: Frequency Dependence and Slow Jump Relaxation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20198-20209. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01837c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Specific aspects of the Li+ cation conductivity of anhydrous Li(SCN) are investigated, in particular the high migration enthalpy of lithium vacancies. Close inspection of impedance spectra and conductivity data reveals...
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Joos M, Conrad M, Bette S, Merkle R, Dinnebier RE, Schleid T, Maier J. Ion Transport Mechanism in Anhydrous Lithium Thiocyanate LiSCN Part III: Charge Carrier Interactions in the Premelting Regime. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20210-20218. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01841a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In lithium thiocyanate Li(SCN), the temperature regime below the melting point (274 °C) is characterized by excess conductivities over the usual Arrhenius behavior (premelting regime). Here, the Schottky defect pair...
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Conrad M, Joos M, Bette S, Dinnebier RE, Maier J, Schleid T. Synthesis and characterisation of two lithium-thiocyanate solvates with tetrahydrofuran: Li[SCN]·THF and Li[SCN]·2THF. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12292-12300. [PMID: 34519744 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Li[SCN]·THF and Li[SCN]·2THF can be obtained from solutions of anhydrous Li[SCN] in tetrahydrofuran (C4H8O, THF). Both compounds are very hygroscopic and slowly decompose even at room temperature. At ambient conditions Li[SCN]·THF crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with the lattice parameters a = 574.41(2), b = 1643.11(6), c = 830.15(3) pm and β = 99.009(1)° for Z = 4 as determined by laboratory X-ray powder diffraction. Its crystal structure contains Li+ cations surrounded by one THF molecule and three thiocyanate anions [SCN]- forming {Li[NCS]2[SCN](OC4H8)}2- tetrahedra, which join together as pairs via shared N⋯N edges. CHNS combustion analysis and vibrational spectroscopy confirmed its composition, whereas differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with a mass spectrometer were applied to record its thermal behaviour. Li[SCN]·2THF crystallises in a primitive monoclinic lattice as well, but in the space group P21/n with the lattice parameters a = 1132.73(3), b = 1637.98(3), c = 1264.88(2) pm and β = 94.393(2)° for Z = 8 as determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data at 100 K. Its structure contains two crystallographically independent Li+-centred tetrahedra {Li[NCS]2(OC4H8)2}-, which form dimers {(C4H8O)2Li[μ2-NCS]2Li(OC4H8)2} via shared N⋯N edges. They are merely stabilised by weak agostic H⋯S interactions between some CH2-groups of the C4H8O molecules and the [NCS]- ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Conrad
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Markus Joos
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (MPI-FKF), Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (MPI-FKF), Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert E Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (MPI-FKF), Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim Maier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (MPI-FKF), Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Schleid
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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