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Wang M, Wang Y. Advances for Triangular and Sandwich-Shaped All-Metal Aromatics. Molecules 2024; 29:763. [PMID: 38398515 PMCID: PMC10892378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Much experimental work has been contributed to all-metal σ, π and δ-aromaticity among transition metals, semimetallics and other metals in the past two decades. Before our focused investigations on the properties of triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics, A. I. Boldyrev presented general discussions on the concepts of all-metal σ-aromaticity and σ-antiaromaticity for metallo-clusters. Schleyer illustrated that Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shifts (NICS) were among the most authoritative criteria for aromaticity. Ugalde discussed the earlier developments of all-metal aromatic compounds with all possible shapes. Besides the theoretical predictions, many stable all-metal aromatic trinuclear clusters have been isolated as the metallic analogues of either the σ-aromatic molecule's [H3]+ ion or the π-aromatic molecule's [C3H3]+ ion. Different from Hoffman's opinion on all-metal aromaticity, triangular all-metal aromatics were found to hold great potential in applications in coordination chemistry, catalysis, and material science. Triangular all-metal aromatics, which were theoretically proved to conform to the Hückel (4n + 2) rule and possess the smallest aromatic ring, could also play roles as stable ligands during the formation of all-metal sandwiches. The triangular and sandwich-shaped all-metal aromatics have not yet been specifically summarized despite their diversity of existence, puissant developments and various interesting applications. These findings are different from the public opinion that all-metal aromatics would be limited to further applications due to their overstated difficulties in synthesis and uncertain stabilities. Our review will specifically focus on the summarization of theoretical predictions, feasible syntheses and isolations, and multiple applications of triangular and sandwich shaped all-metal aromatics. The appropriateness and necessities of this review will emphasize and disseminate their importance and applications forcefully and in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
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Wang M, He Z, Chen M, Wang Y. Aryl sulfonate anion stabilized aromatic triangular cation [Pd 3] +: syntheses, structures and properties. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29689-29694. [PMID: 37822652 PMCID: PMC10563175 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of sulfonate anions paired aromatic triangular palladium clusters 3-7, abbreviated as [Pd3]+[ArSO3]-, were synthesized using a simple "one pot" method, and gave excellent isolated yields (90-95%). Their structures and properties have been fully characterized and further investigated by fluorescence, single crystal X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). In varying organic solvents, they presented apparently stronger absorption and emission in MeOH, driven by the combined interactions of hydrogen bonds and polarity. The crystallographic data demonstrated that the methyl orange ion stabilized complex 7 possessed a D3h symmetric metallic core which was still coplanar and almost equilateral, jointly influenced by the giant hindrance and milder donating effect from the sulfonate. The binding energies for Pdn+ 3d5/2 and Pdn+ 3d3/2 measured by XPS presented at 336.55 and 342.00 eV, respectively. These data were much lower than that of a usual Pd2+ 3d and significantly higher than that of a Pd0 species, further proving the unified palladium valence state (+4/3) in the tri-palladium core and its aromaticity featured by the cyclic electron delocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Zhixin He
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University 252059 Liaocheng China
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3
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Jeddi N, Scott NWJ, Fairlamb IJS. Well-Defined Pd n Clusters for Cross-Coupling and Hydrogenation Catalysis: New Opportunities for Catalyst Design. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Jeddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Neil W. J. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
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Bigi F, Cauzzi D, Della Ca’ N, Malacria M, Maggi R, Motti E, Wang Y, Maestri G. Evolution of Triangular All-Metal Aromatic Complexes from Bonding Quandaries to Powerful Catalytic Platforms. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:373-385. [PMID: 36855666 PMCID: PMC9955218 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript describes an overview on the literature detailing the observation of trinuclear complexes that present delocalized metal-metal bonds similar to those of regular aromatics, which are formed combining main group elements. A particular emphasis is given to the structural and electronic features of aromatic clusters that are sufficiently stable to allow their isolation. In parallel to the description of their key bonding properties, the work presents reported catalytic applications of these complexes, which already span from elaborated C-C-forming cascades to highly efficient cross-coupling methods. These examples present peculiar aspects of the unique reactivity exerted by all-metal aromatic complexes, which can often be superior to their established, popular mononuclear peers in terms of chemoselectivity and chemical robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Bigi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy,IMEM-CNR, Parco Area
delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Cauzzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Della Ca’
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Max Malacria
- Faculty
of Science and Engineering, IPCM, UMR CNRS 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 place Jussieu, Paris 75252 Cedex 05, France
| | - Raimondo Maggi
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Motti
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng
University, 252059 Liaocheng, China
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department
of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy,
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Wang X, Sun L, Wang M, Maestri G, Malacria M, Liu X, Wang Y, Wu L. C‐I Selective Sonogashira and Heck Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Aromatic Triangular Tri‐palladium. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Wang
- Liaocheng University department of chemistry and chemical engineering CHINA
| | - Lei Sun
- Liaocheng University department of chemistry and chemical engineering CHINA
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Liaocheng University department of chemistry and chemical engineering CHINA
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- University of Parma: Universita degli Studi di Parma deparment of chemistry, life sciences and environmental sustainability ITALY
| | - Max Malacria
- CNRS: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ICSN FRANCE
| | - Xiang Liu
- China Three Gorges University college of materials and chemical engineering CHINA
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Liaocheng University Department of chemistry and chemical engineering 1,Hunan Road, Liaocheng City, Shandong Province, China 252059 Liaocheng CHINA
| | - Lingang Wu
- Liaocheng University department of chemistry and chemical engineering CHINA
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Bigi F, Cera G, Maggi R, Wang Y, Malacria M, Maestri G. Is Aromaticity a Driving Force in Catalytic Cycles? A Case from the Cycloisomerization of Enynes Catalyzed by All-Metal Aromatic Pd 3+ Clusters and Carboxylic Acids. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10035-10043. [PMID: 34784222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The work details a mechanistic study based on density functional theory modeling on the cycloisomerization of polyunsaturated substrates catalyzed by all-metal aromatic tripalladium complexes and carboxylic acids. These clusters are an emerging class of catalysts for a variety of relevant transformations, including C-C forming processes that occur under mild conditions and display synthetic features complementary to those of established mononuclear complexes. This study is the first computational one devoted to the comprehension of the series of elementary steps involved in a synthetic transformation catalyzed by an all-metal aromatic complex. Present results confirm previous experimental hints on the striking mechanistic differences exerted by these clusters with respect to the usual cyclization pathways of related substrates. Moreover, the catalytic cycle involving present all-metal aromatic clusters closely parallels the mechanism of the aromatic substitution of regular arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Bigi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.,IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Cera
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Raimondo Maggi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, 252059 Liaocheng, China
| | - Max Malacria
- Sorbonne Université, Faculty of Science and Engineering, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR CNRS 8232), 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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