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Ong A, Wong ZC, Chin KLO, Loh WW, Chua MH, Ang SJ, Lim JYC. Enhancing the photocatalytic upcycling of polystyrene to benzoic acid: a combined computational-experimental approach for acridinium catalyst design. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1061-1067. [PMID: 38239702 PMCID: PMC10793207 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06388g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Converting polystyrene into value-added oxygenated aromatic compounds is an attractive end-of-life upcycling strategy. However, identification of appropriate catalysts often involves laborious and time-consuming empirical screening. Herein, after demonstrating the feasibility of using acridinium salts for upcycling polystyrene into benzoic acid by photoredox catalysis for the first time, we applied low-cost descriptor-based combinatorial in silico screening to predict the photocatalytic performance of a family of potential candidates. Through this approach, we identified a non-intuitive fluorinated acridinium catalyst that outperforms other candidates for converting polystyrene to benzoic acid in useful yields at low catalyst loadings (≤5 mol%). In addition, this catalyst also proved effective with real-life polystyrene waste containing dyes and additives. Our study underscores the potential of computer-aided catalyst design for valorizing polymeric waste into essential chemical feedstock for a more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Ong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore
| | - Zi Cheng Wong
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis, #16-16 Singapore 138632 Republic of Singapore
| | - Kang Le Osmund Chin
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island Singapore 627833 Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Wei Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore
| | - Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island Singapore 627833 Republic of Singapore
| | - Shi Jun Ang
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 1 Fusionopolis Way, Connexis, #16-16 Singapore 138632 Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island Singapore 627833 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jason Y C Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634 Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS) 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117576 Republic of Singapore
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2
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Iaia EP, Soyemi A, Szilvási T, Harris JW. Zeolite encapsulated organometallic complexes as model catalysts. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16103-16112. [PMID: 37812079 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02126b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneities in the structure of active centers in metal-containing porous materials are unavoidable and complicate the description of chemical events occurring along reaction coordinates at the atomic level. Metal containing zeolites include sites of varied local coordination and secondary confining environments, requiring careful titration protocols to quantify the predominant active sites. Hybrid organometallic-zeolite catalysts are useful well-defined platform materials for spectroscopic, kinetic, and computational studies of heterogeneous catalysis that avoid the complications of conventional metal-containing porous materials. Such materials have been synthesized and studied previously, but catalytic applications were mostly limited to liquid-phase oxidation and electrochemical reactions. The hydrothermal stability, time-on-stream stability, and utility of these materials in gas-phase oxidation reactions are under-studied. The potential applications for single-site heterogeneous catalysts in fundamental research are abundant and motivate future synthetic, spectroscopic, kinetic, and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan P Iaia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Ademola Soyemi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - James W Harris
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
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3
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Yue Y, Ma T, Qi H, Zhao Y, Shi X, Tang Y, Pu M, Lei M. The theoretical design of manganese catalysts with a Si-N-Si-C-Si-C six-membered ring core-based bowl-shaped quadridentate ligand for the hydrogenation of CO/CN bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27829-27835. [PMID: 37814900 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03217e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a new series of bowl-shaped quadridentate ligands with a Si-N-Si-C-Si-C six-membered ring core and their manganese catalysts were designed using the density functional theory (DFT) method for the hydrogenation of unsaturated CX (XN, O) bonds. The frameworks of these ligands named by LYG (LYG = P(R1)2CH2Si(CH2)(CH3)NSi(CH3)(CH2Si(CH3)CH2P(R3)2)CH2P(R2)2) have a Si-N-Si-C-Si-C six-membered ring core at the bottom of the bowl structure and each Si atom links with one phosphorus arm (-CH2PR2). The Mn catalyst Mn(CO)-LYG was constructed to catalyze the hydrogenation of CO/CN bonds. The calculated results indicate that due to the bowl-shaped structure of LYG quadridentate ligands, these Mn catalysts could be advantageous not only in the tuneup of catalytic activity and stereoselectivity by modifying three phosphorus arms but also in the homogeneous catalyst immobilization by linking with the Si-N-Si-C-Si-C six-membered ring core using different supports. This work might provide theoretical insights to design new framework transition-metal catalysts for the hydrogenation of CX bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Tian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Hexiang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiaofan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yanhui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Min Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Cramer HH, Das S, Wodrich MD, Corminboeuf C, Werlé C, Leitner W. Theory-guided development of homogeneous catalysts for the reduction of CO 2 to formate, formaldehyde, and methanol derivatives. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2799-2807. [PMID: 36937594 PMCID: PMC10016328 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06793e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The stepwise catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol opens non-fossil pathways to important platform chemicals. The present article aims at identifying molecular control parameters to steer the selectivity to the three distinct reduction levels using organometallic catalysts of earth-abundant first-row metals. A linear scaling relationship was developed to map the intrinsic reactivity of 3d transition metal pincer complexes to their activity and selectivity in CO2 hydrosilylation. The hydride affinity of the catalysts was used as a descriptor to predict activity/selectivity trends in a composite volcano picture, and the outstanding properties of cobalt complexes bearing bis(phosphino)triazine PNP-type pincer ligands to reach the three reduction levels selectively under different reaction conditions could thus be rationalized. The implications of the composite volcano picture were successfully experimentally validated with selected catalysts, and the challenging intermediate level of formaldehyde could be accessed in over 80% yield with the cobalt complex 6. The results underpin the potential of tandem computational-experimental approaches to propel catalyst design for CO2-based chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna H Cramer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Shubhajit Das
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Wodrich
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Centre for Competence in Research - Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Centre for Competence in Research - Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
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Andersson MP, Jones MN, Mikkelsen KV, You F, Mansouri SS. Quantum computing for chemical and biomolecular product design. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Li X, Panetier JA. Computational Study for CO 2-to-CO Conversion over Proton Reduction Using [Re[bpyMe(Im-R)](CO) 3Cl] + (R = Me, Me 2, and Me 4) Electrocatalysts and Comparison with Manganese Analogues. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Julien A. Panetier
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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The Reactivity of Human and Equine Estrogen Quinones towards Purine Nucleosides. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated estrogen medicines, which are produced from the urine of pregnant mares for the purpose of menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT), contain the sulfate conjugates of estrone, equilin, and equilenin in varying proportions. The latter three steroid sex hormones are highly similar in molecular structure as they only differ in the degree of unsaturation of the sterane ring “B”: the cyclohexene ring in estrone (which is naturally present in both humans and horses) is replaced by more symmetrical cyclohexadiene and benzene rings in the horse-specific (“equine”) hormones equilin and equilenin, respectively. Though the structure of ring “B” has only moderate influence on the estrogenic activity desired in HRT, it might still significantly affect the reactivity in potential carcinogenic pathways. In the present theoretical study, we focus on the interaction of estrogen orthoquinones, formed upon metabolic oxidation of estrogens in breast cells with purine nucleosides. This multistep process results in a purine base loss in the DNA chain (depurination) and the formation of a “depurinating adduct” from the quinone and the base. The point mutations induced in this manner are suggested to manifest in breast cancer development in the long run. We examine six reactions between deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine as nucleosides and estrone-3,4-quinone, equilin-3,4-quinone, and equilenin-3,4-quinone as mutagens. We performed DFT calculations to determine the reaction mechanisms and establish a structure–reactivity relationship between the degree of unsaturation of ring “B” and the expected rate of DNA depurination. As quinones might be present in the cytosol in various protonated forms, we introduce the concept of “effective barriers” to account for the different reactivity and different concentrations of quinone derivatives. According to our results, both equine estrogens have the potential to facilitate depurination as the activation barrier of one of the elementary steps (the initial Michael addition in the case of equilenin and the rearomatization step in the case of equilin) significantly decreases compared to that of estrone. We conclude that the appearance of exogenous equine estrogen quinones due to HRT might increase the risk of depurination-induced breast cancer development compared to the exposure to endogenous estrone metabolites. Still, further studies are required to identify the rate-limiting step of depurination under intracellular conditions to reveal whether the decrease in the barriers affects the overall rate of carcinogenesis.
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