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Devi R, Sharma K, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Bistriazolotriazole-tetramine: commendable energetic moiety and cation. J Mol Model 2024; 30:98. [PMID: 38461222 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Various 7H,7'H-[6,6'-bi[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole]-3,3',7,7'-tetramine (A) based nitrogen-rich energetic salts were designed and their properties explored. All energetic salts possess relatively high nitrogen content (> 48%), positive heats of formation (> 429 kJ/mol) and stability owing to a significant contribution from fused backbone. The cationic component shows a very high heat of formation (2516 kJ/mol); therefore, it is highly suitable for enthalpy enhancement in new energetic salts. The cation was paired with the energetic anions nitrate (NO3-), perchlorate (ClO4-), dinitromethanide (CH(NO2)2-), trinitromethanide (C(NO2)3-), nitroamide (NHNO2-), and dinitroamide (N(NO2)2-) to improve oxygen balance and detonation performance. Designed salts show moderate detonation velocities (7.9-8.7 km/s) and pressures (23.8 - 33.1 GPa). The distribution of frontier molecular orbitals, molecular electrostatic surface potentials, QTAIM topological properties, and noncovalent interactions of designed salts were simulated to understand the electronic structures, charge distribution in molecules, hydrogen bonding, and other nonbond interactions. The predicted safety factor (SF) and impact sensitivity (H50) of designed salts suggest their insensitivity to mechanical stimuli. This work explored the 7H,7'H-[6,6'-bi[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazole]-3,3',7,7'-tetramine as a suitable cationic component which could be promising and serve exemplarily in energetic materials. METHODS The optimization and energy calculations of all the designed compounds were carried out at the B3LYP/6-311 + + G(d,p) and M06-2X/def2-TZVPP levels, utilizing the Gaussian software package. The molecular surface electrostatic potential, quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), reduced density gradient (RDG), and noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis were performed by employing Multiwfn software. The EXPLO5 (v 7.01) thermochemical code and PILEM web application were used to predict the detonation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimpi Devi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Kalpana Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India.
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Lei C, Tang J, Zhang Q, Cheng G, Yang H. Toward High-Energy and Low-Sensitivity Energetic Materials Based on a Fused [5,5,5,6]-Tetracyclic Backbone. Org Lett 2023; 25:3487-3491. [PMID: 37140948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A route for fused [5,5,5,6]-tetracyclic energetic compounds based on the facile cyclization reaction has been explored. Fused [5,5,5,6]-tetracyclic compound 4 shows a high measured density (1.924 g cm-3), a low sensitivity (IS = 10 J, and FS = 144 N), and an excellent detonation velocity (9241 m s-1), which are much better than those of RDX. The results indicate that compound 4 is a potential candidate as a secondary explosive and provide new insight into the construction of fused polycyclic heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijin Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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Hu W, Tang J, Ju X, Yi Z, Yang H, Xiao C, Cheng G. An Efficient One-Step Reaction for the Preparation of Advanced Fused Bistetrazole-Based Primary Explosives. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:742-747. [PMID: 37122449 PMCID: PMC10141573 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The first example of [5,6,5]-tricyclic bistetrazole-fused energetic materials has been obtained through a one-step reaction from commercial and inexpensive 4,6-dichloro-5-nitropyrimidine. This one-step reaction including nucleophilic substitution, nucleophilic addition, cyclization, and electron transfer is rarely reported, and the reaction mechanism and scope is well investigated. Among target compounds, organic salts exhibit higher detonation velocities (D: 8898-9077 m s-1) and lower sensitivities (IS: 16-20 J) than traditional high energy explosive RDX (D = 8795 m s-1; IS = 7.5 J). In addition, the potassium salt of 5-azido-10-nitro-bis(tetrazolo)[1,5-c:5',1'-f]pyrimidin (DTAT-K) possesses excellent priming ability, comparable to traditional primary explosive Pb(N3)2, and ultralow minimum primary charge (MPC = 10 mg), which is the lowest MPC among the reported potassium-based primary explosives. The simple synthesis route, free of heavy metal and expensive raw materials, makes it promising to quickly realize this material in large-scale industrial production as a green primary explosive. This work accelerates the upgrade of green primary explosives and enriches future prospects for the design of energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jie Tang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xuehai Ju
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhenxin Yi
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chuan Xiao
- China
Northern Industries group Co., Ltd. (NORINCO GROUP), Beijing 100089, P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing 210094, China
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Wang S, Chen X, Chen Y, Nan H, Li Y, Ma H. Synthesis, thermal behaviors, and energetic properties of asymmetrically substituted tetrazine-based energetic materials. Front Chem 2022; 10:978003. [PMID: 36262343 PMCID: PMC9574065 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.978003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1,2,4,5-tetrazine ring is a common structure for the construction of energy-containing compounds, and its high nitrogen content and large conjugation effect give it the advantage of a good balance between energy and mechanical stability as a high-nitrogen energy-containing material. However, most of the reported works about tetrazine energetic materials (EMs) are symmetrically substituted tetrazines due to their easy accessibility. A small number of reports show that asymmetrically substituted tetrazines also have good properties, such as high density and generation of enthalpy and energy. Herein, two asymmetrically substituted tetrazines and their five energetic salts were prepared and fully characterized by IR spectroscopy, NMR spectra, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The structure of the two compounds was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The thermal behaviors and thermodynamic parameters were determined and calculated. In addition, the energetic properties and impact sensitivities of all the compounds were obtained to assess their application potential. The results show that compounds 2–4 and 7–9 show higher detonation velocities than TNT, and the hydrazinium salt 9 possesses the best detonation properties (D = 8,232 m s−1 and p = 23.6 GPa). Except for 4 and 3, all the other compounds are insensitive, which may be applied as insensitive explosives. Noncovalent interaction analysis was further carried out, and the result shows that the strong and high proportion of hydrogen bonds may contribute to the low-impact sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuankai Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hai Nan
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Haixia Ma,
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Zhang Z, Chen X, Chen Y, Li Y, Nan H, Ma H. Synthesis and properties of a promising high energy and low impact sensitivity explosive: hydroxylammonium 3-hydrazino-6-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-ylimino)-s-tetrazine. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Yang X, Bian C, Duan H, Wang J. Further study on energetic salts of TNATT anion. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhao X, Zhang J, Gong F, Huang B, Yang Z. Porous MoS 2 nanosheets for the fast decomposition of energetic compounds. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5278-5284. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00035k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The energy release performances in energetic compounds like 3-nitro-1,2,4-trizole-5-one (NTO) and 5,5’-bistetrazole-1,1’-diolate (TKX-50) are indispensable in propellent formulations. However, thermal decomposition behavior was impeded by the unfavorable catalysts. Presently, ultrathin...
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