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Sanz-Villafruela J, Bermejo-Casadesús C, Martínez-Alonso M, Moro A, Lima JC, Massaguer A, Espino G. Towards efficient Ir(III) anticancer photodynamic therapy agents by extending π-conjugation on N^N ligands. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11393-11409. [PMID: 38899369 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In this work we disclose a new family of biscyclometallated Ir(III) complexes of the general formula [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]Cl (IrL1-IrL5), where HC^N is 1-phenyl-β-carboline and N^N ligands (L1-L5) are different diimine ligands that differ from each other in the number of aromatic rings fused to the bipyridine scaffold. The photophysical properties of IrL1-IrL5 were thoroughly studied, and theoretical calculations were performed for a deeper comprehension of the respective variations along the series. All complexes exhibited high photostability under blue light irradiation. An increase in the number of aromatic rings led to a reduction in the HOMO-LUMO band gap causing a red-shift in the absorbance bands. Although all the complexes generated singlet oxygen (1O2) in aerated aqueous solutions through a photocatalytic process, IrL5 was by far the most efficient photosensitizer. Consequently, IrL5 was highly active in the photocatalytic oxidation of NADH. The formation of aggregates in DMSO at a high concentration (25 mM) was confirmed using different techniques, but was proved to be negligible in the concentration range of biological experiments. Moreover, ICP-MS studies proved that the cellular uptake of IrL2 and IrL3 is much better relative to that of IrL1, IrL4 and IrL5. The antiproliferative activity of IrL1-IrL5 was investigated in the dark and under blue light irradiation against different cancer cell lines. Complexes IrL1-IrL4 were found to be cytotoxic under dark conditions, while IrL5 turned out to be weakly cytotoxic. Despite the low cellular uptake of IrL5, this derivative exhibited a high increase of cytotoxicity upon blue light irradiation resulting in photocytotoxicity indexes (PI) up to 38. IrL1-IrL4 showed lower photocytotoxicity indexes ranging from 1.3 to 17.0. Haemolytic experiments corroborated the compatibility of our complexes with red blood cells. Confocal microscopy studies proved their accumulation in mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and ruled out their localization in lysosomes. Overall, the mitochondria-targeted activity of IrL5, which inhibits considerably the viability of cancer cells upon blue light irradiation, allows us to outline this PS as a new alternative to traditional chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sanz-Villafruela
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Cristina Bermejo-Casadesús
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Marta Martínez-Alonso
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Artur Moro
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João C Lima
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Anna Massaguer
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Gustavo Espino
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
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2
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Szymaszek P, Tyszka-Czochara M, Ortyl J. Iridium(III) complexes as novel theranostic small molecules for medical diagnostics, precise imaging at a single cell level and targeted anticancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116648. [PMID: 38968786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Medical applications of iridium (III) complexes include their use as state-of-the-art theranostic agents - molecules that combine therapeutic and diagnostic functions into a single entity. These complexes offer a promising avenue in medical diagnostics, precision imaging at single-cell resolution and targeted anticancer therapy due to their unique properties. In this review we report a short summary of their application in medical diagnostics, imaging at single-cell level and targeted anticancer therapy. The exceptional photophysical properties of Iridium (III) complexes, including their brightness and photostability, make them excellent candidates for bioimaging. They can be used to image cellular processes and the microenvironment within single cells with unprecedented clarity, aiding in the understanding of disease mechanisms at the molecular level. Moreover the iridium (III) complexes can be designed to selectively target cancer cells,. Upon targeting, these complexes can act as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT), generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light activation to induce cell death. The integration of diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities in Iridium (III) complexes offers the potential for a holistic approach to cancer treatment, enabling not only the precise eradication of cancer cells but also the real-time monitoring of treatment efficacy and disease progression. This aligns with the goals of personalized medicine, offering hope for more effective and less invasive cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Szymaszek
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Kraków, Poland; Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348, Kraków, Poland; Photo4Chem ltd., Juliusza Lea 114/416A-B, 31-133, Kraków, Poland.
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3
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Sanz-Villafruela J, Bermejo-Casadesus C, Zafon E, Martínez-Alonso M, Durá G, Heras A, Soriano-Díaz I, Giussani A, Ortí E, Tebar F, Espino G, Massaguer A. Insights into the anticancer photodynamic activity of Ir(III) and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes bearing β-carboline ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116618. [PMID: 38972079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Ir(III) and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are promising photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to their outstanding photophysical properties. Herein, one series of cyclometallated Ir(III) complexes and two series of Ru(II) polypyridyl derivatives bearing three different thiazolyl-β-carboline N^N' ligands have been synthesized, aiming to evaluate the impact of the different metal fragments ([Ir(C^N)2]+ or [Ru(N^N)2]2+) and N^N' ligands on the photophysical and biological properties. All the compounds exhibit remarkable photostability under blue-light irradiation and are emissive (605 < λem < 720 nm), with the Ru(II) derivatives displaying higher photoluminescence quantum yields and longer excited state lifetimes. The Ir PSs display pKa values between 5.9 and 7.9, whereas their Ru counterparts are less acidic (pKa > 9.3). The presence of the deprotonated form in the Ir-PSs favours the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) since, according to theoretical calculations, it features a low-lying ligand-centered triplet excited state (T1 = 3LC) with a long lifetime. All compounds have demonstrated anticancer activity. Ir(III) complexes 1-3 exhibit the highest cytotoxicity in dark conditions, comparable to cisplatin. Their activity is notably enhanced by blue-light irradiation, resulting in nanomolar IC50 values and phototoxicity indexes (PIs) between 70 and 201 in different cancer cell lines. The Ir(III) PSs are also activated by green (with PI between 16 and 19.2) and red light in the case of complex 3 (PI = 8.5). Their antitumor efficacy is confirmed by clonogenic assays and using spheroid models. The Ir(III) complexes rapidly enter cells, accumulating in mitochondria and lysosomes. Upon photoactivation, they generate ROS, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal damage and ultimately cell apoptosis. Additionally, they inhibit cancer cell migration, a crucial step in metastasis. In contrast, Ru(II) complex 6 exhibits moderate mitochondrial activity. Overall, Ir(III) complexes 1-3 show potential for selective light-controlled cancer treatment, providing an alternative mechanism to chemotherapy and the ability to inhibit lethal cancer cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sanz-Villafruela
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Cristina Bermejo-Casadesus
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Zafon
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Alonso
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Gema Durá
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica. Facultad de Químicas, Avda. Camilo J. Cela 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Aranzazu Heras
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Iván Soriano-Díaz
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Angelo Giussani
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gustavo Espino
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Anna Massaguer
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Maria Aurelia Capmany 40, 17003, Girona, Spain.
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4
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Gonzalo-Navarro C, Zafon E, Organero JA, Jalón FA, Lima JC, Espino G, Rodríguez AM, Santos L, Moro AJ, Barrabés S, Castro J, Camacho-Aguayo J, Massaguer A, Manzano BR, Durá G. Ir(III) Half-Sandwich Photosensitizers with a π-Expansive Ligand for Efficient Anticancer Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1783-1811. [PMID: 38291666 PMCID: PMC10859961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
One approach to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy in cancer treatment is photodynamic therapy (PDT), which allows spatiotemporal control of the cytotoxicity. We have used the strategy of coordinating π-expansive ligands to increase the excited state lifetimes of Ir(III) half-sandwich complexes in order to facilitate the generation of 1O2. We have obtained derivatives of formulas [Cp*Ir(C∧N)Cl] and [Cp*Ir(C∧N)L]BF4 with different degrees of π-expansion in the C∧N ligands. Complexes with the more π-expansive ligand are very effective photosensitizers with phototoxic indexes PI > 2000. Furthermore, PI values of 63 were achieved with red light. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations nicely explain the effect of the π-expansion. The complexes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the cellular level, causing mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cleavage of DNA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidation, as well as lysosomal damage. Consequently, cell death by apoptosis and secondary necrosis is activated. Thus, we describe the first class of half-sandwich iridium cyclometalated complexes active in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonzalo-Navarro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Elisenda Zafon
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Juan Angel Organero
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales
y Bioquímicas and INAMOL, Universidad
de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Félix A. Jalón
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joao Carlos Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Gustavo Espino
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos, s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana María Rodríguez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucía Santos
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías
Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La
Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela,
s/n, 13071 Ciudad
Real, Spain
| | - Artur J. Moro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE,
Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Barrabés
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jessica Castro
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Javier Camacho-Aguayo
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Analytic Biosensors Group, Instituto de Nanociencia
y Nanomateriales de Aragon, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anna Massaguer
- Departament
de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 40, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Blanca R. Manzano
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gema Durá
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica-
IRICA, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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5
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Ling J, Gu R, Liu L, Chu R, Wu J, Zhong R, Ye S, Liu J, Fan S. Versatile Design of Organic Polymeric Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy of Prostate Cancer. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:14-29. [PMID: 38221923 PMCID: PMC10786136 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Radical prostatectomy is a primary treatment option for localized prostate cancer (PCa), although high rates of recurrence are commonly observed postsurgery. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated efficacy in treating nonmetastatic localized PCa with a low incidence of adverse events. However, its limited efficacy remains a concern. To address these issues, various organic polymeric nanoparticles (OPNPs) loaded with photosensitizers (PSs) that target prostate cancer have been developed. However, further optimization of the OPNP design is necessary to maximize the effectiveness of PDT and improve its clinical applicability. This Review provides an overview of the design, preparation, methodology, and oncological aspects of OPNP-based PDT for the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Ling
- Department
of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology & Anhui Province
Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Rongrong Gu
- College
of Science & School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- School
of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural
University, 130 Changjiang
West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ruixi Chu
- College
of Science & School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Junchao Wu
- Department
of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology & Anhui Province
Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Rongfang Zhong
- Department
of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology & Anhui Province
Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- College
of Science & School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Inner
Mongolia University Hohhot, Inner
Mongolia 010021, China
- Dalian
Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
- DICP-Surrey
Joint Centre for Future Materials, Department of Chemical and Process
Engineering and Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guilford,
Surrey GU27XH, U.K.
| | - Song Fan
- Department
of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Anhui Medical University, Institute of Urology & Anhui Province
Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, China
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Chen D, Wang B, Zhao Z, Zhang G, Wang P, Zhang L, Liu X, Zhang H, Zeng Q, Wang X. Modified 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy induces cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cell pyroptosis via the JNK signaling pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119603. [PMID: 37805058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Modified 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (M-PDT) is a novel therapeutic modality for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) that is reported to be effective and well tolerated. However, the mechanisms underlying its antitumor effects are not fully understood. In this research, we investigated the effects of M-PDT on pyroptosis, a form of programmed cell death characterized by cell swelling, ruptures of cell membrane, and inflammatory cytokine release, in two human cSCC cell lines, SCL-1 and HSC-5. We found that M-PDT triggered pyroptosis in a dose-dependent manner, as evidenced by increased lactate dehydrogenase release, propidium iodide staining, and expression of pyroptosis-related proteins, such as NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), N-terminal of gasdermin D (N-GSDMD), cleaved caspase-1, and mature interleukin 1 beta (IL-1B) in both cell lines. This process was inhibited by treatment with MCC950, an NLRP3-specific inhibitor, suggesting the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in M-PDT-induced pyroptosis. We also demonstrated that M-PDT activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, which is required for pyroptosis induction, as treatment with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, suppressed the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins after M-PDT. JNK activation enhanced M-PDT-induced pyroptosis, highlighting the significance of the JNK pathway in M-PDT. Moreover, M-PDT increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which are responsible for JNK activation and pyroptosis induction. In summary, our results revealed that M-PDT triggers pyroptosis through ROS-mediated JNK activation and subsequent NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cSCC cells, providing a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of M-PDT and promoting its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyan Chen
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Avera Medical Group Dermatology, Aberdeen, SD 57401, USA
| | - Zijun Zhao
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peiru Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Linglin Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qingyu Zeng
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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7
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Neelambaran N, Shamjith S, Murali VP, Maiti KK, Joseph J. Exploring a Mitochondria Targeting, Dinuclear Cyclometalated Iridium (III) Complex for Image-Guided Photodynamic Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5776-5788. [PMID: 38061031 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as an efficient and noninvasive treatment approach utilizing laser-triggered photosensitizers for combating cancer. Within this rapidly advancing field, iridium-based photosensitizers with their dual functionality as both imaging probes and PDT agents exhibit a potential for precise and targeted therapeutic interventions. However, most reported classes of Ir(III)-based photosensitizers comprise mononuclear iridium(III), with very few examples of dinuclear systems. Exploring the full potential of iridium-based dinuclear systems for PDT applications remains a challenge. Herein, we report a dinuclear Ir(III) complex (IRDI) along with a structurally similar monomer complex (IRMO) having 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine and 4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine ligands. The comparative investigation of the mononuclear and dinuclear Ir(III) complexes showed similar absorption profiles, but the dinuclear derivative IRDI exhibited a higher photoluminescence quantum yield (Φp) of 0.70 compared to that of IRMO (Φp = 0.47). Further, IRDI showed a higher singlet oxygen generation quantum yield (Φs) of 0.49 compared to IRMO (Φs = 0.28), signifying the enhanced potential of the dinuclear derivative for image-guided photodynamic therapy. In vitro assessments indicate that IRDI shows efficient cellular uptake and significant photocytotoxicity in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. In addition, the presence of a dual positive charge on the dinuclear system facilitates the inherent mitochondria-targeting ability without the need for a specific targeting group. Subcellular singlet oxygen generation by IRDI was confirmed using Si-DMA, and light-activated cellular apoptosis via ROS-mediated PDT was verified through various live-dead assays performed in the presence and absence of the singlet oxygen scavenger NaN3. Further, the mechanism of cell death was elucidated by an annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometric assay and by investigating the cytochrome c release from mitochondria using Western blot analysis. Thus, the dinuclear complex designed to enhance spin-orbit coupling with minimal excitonic coupling represents a promising strategy for efficient image-guided PDT using iridium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishna Neelambaran
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shanmughan Shamjith
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Murali
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kaustabh Kumar Maiti
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Joshy Joseph
- Chemical Sciences & Technology Division (CSTD), CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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8
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Chen J, Liu H, Chen Y, Hu H, Huang C, Wang Y, Liang L, Liu Y. Iridium(III) complexes inhibit the proliferation and migration of BEL-7402 cells through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 241:112145. [PMID: 36709684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Iridium(III) complexes are largely studied as anti-cancer complexes due to their excellent anti-cancer activity. In this article, two new iridium(III) complexes [Ir(piq)2(THPIP)]PF6 (THPIP = 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenol, piq = deprotonated 1-phenylisoquinoline) (Ir1) and [Ir(bzq)2(THPIP)]PF6 (bzq = deprotonated benzo[h]quinolone) (Ir2) were synthesized. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays showed that complex Ir1 exhibits moderate activity (IC50 = 29.9 ± 4.6 μM) and Ir2 shows high cytotoxicity (IC50 = 9.8 ± 1.8 μM) against BEL-7402 cells. Further studies on the mechanism showed that Ir1 and Ir2 induced apoptosis by changing the mitochondrial membrane potential, Ca2+ release, ROS accumulation, and cell cycle arrest at the S phase. The complexes can effectively inhibit cell colony formation and migration. The expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins, PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), AKT (protein kinase B), mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), and p-mTOR was studied by immunoblotting. Complexes Ir1 and Ir2 downregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and increased the expression of autophagy-related proteins of Beclin-1 and LC3-II. Further experiments showed that the complexes inhibited the production of glutathione (GSH) and increased the amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA). Fluorescence of HMGB1 was significantly increased. We also investigated the effect of the complexes on the expression of genes using RNA-sequence analysis, we further calculated the lowest binding energies between the complexes and proteins using molecular docking. Taken together, the above results indicated that complexes Ir1 and Ir2 induce apoptosis in BEL-7402 cells through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yichuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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9
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Li W, Shi C, Wu X, Zhang Y, Liu H, Wang X, Huang C, Liang L, Liu Y. Light activation of iridium(III) complexes driving ROS production and DNA damage enhances anticancer activity in A549 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 236:111977. [PMID: 36030672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The work aimed to synthesize and characterize two iridium(III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2(IPPH)](PF6) (Ir1, IPPH = (2S,3R,5S,6R)-2-(2-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol, ppy = 2-phenylpyridine), [Ir(piq)2(IPPH)](PF6) (Ir2, piq = 1-phenylisoquinoline). The cytotoxicity of the complexes against BEL-7402, A549, HCT-116, B16 cancer cells and normal LO2 was evaluated through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. The complexes show no cytotoxic activity (IC50 > 100 μM) against these cancer cells, while their cytotoxicity can significantly be elevated upon illumination. The IC50 values range from 0.2 ± 0.05 to 35.5 ± 3.5 μM. The cellular uptake, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria localization, reactive oxygen species, the change of mitochondrial membrane potential, γ-H2AX levels, cycle arrest, apoptosis and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 were investigated. The calreticulin (CRT), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were explored. This study demonstrates that photoactivatable complexes induce cell death in A549 through ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress-mitochondrial pathway, DNA damage pathways, immunogenic cell death (ICD), activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and inhibit the cell growth at S phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuanling Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiuzhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Xue Q, Zhang J, Jiao J, Qin W, Yang X. Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer: Recent advances, challenges and opportunities. Front Oncol 2022; 12:980239. [PMID: 36212416 PMCID: PMC9538922 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.980239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been a tendency toward early diagnosis of prostate cancer due to raised awareness among the general public and professionals, as well as the promotion of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. As a result, patients with prostate cancer are detected at an earlier stage. Due to the risks of urine incontinence, erectile dysfunction, etc., surgery is not advised because the tumor is so small at this early stage. Doctors typically only advise active surveillance. However, it will bring negative psychological effects on patients, such as anxiety. And there is a higher chance of cancer progression. Focal therapy has received increasing attention as an alternative option between active monitoring and radical therapy. Due to its minimally invasive, oncological safety, low toxicity, minimal effects on functional outcomes and support by level 1 evidence from the only RCT within the focal therapy literature, photodynamic treatment (PDT) holds significant promise as the focal therapy of choice over other modalities for men with localized prostate cancer. However, there are still numerous obstacles that prevent further advancement. The review that follows provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical published research on PDT for prostate cancer from 1999 to the present. It focuses on clinical applications of PDT and innovative techniques and technologies that address current problems, especially the use of nanoparticle photosensitizers in PDT of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingliang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | | | - Weijun Qin
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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Redrado M, Miñana M, Coogan MP, Concepción Gimeno M, Fernández‐Moreira V. Tunable Emissive Ir(III) Benzimidazole-quinoline Hybrids as Promising Theranostic Lead Compounds. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200244. [PMID: 35767349 PMCID: PMC9796238 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive and luminescent cyclometallated Ir(III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2 L1]Cl (1) and [Ir(ppy)2 L2]Cl (2) containing a benzimidazole derivative (L1/L2) as auxiliary mimic of a nucleotide have been synthesised. The emissive properties of both complexes are conditioned by the nature of L1 and L2, rendering an orange and a green emitter respectively. Both are highly emissive with quantum yield increasing in absence of oxygen up to 0.26 (1) and 0.36 (2), suggesting their phosphorescent character. Antiproliferative activity against lung cancer A549 cells increased up to 15 times upon irradiation conditions, reaching IC50 values in the nanomolar range (0.3±0.09 μM (1) and 0.26±0.14 μM (2)) and pointing them as good PSs candidates for photodynamic therapy via 1 O2 generation. Cellular biodistribution analysis by fluorescence microscopy suggest the lysosomes as the preferential accumulation organelle. Time-resolved studies showed a greatly increased cellular emission lifetime compared to the solution values, indicating binding to macromolecules or cellular structures and restriction of collision and vibrational quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Redrado
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Miriam Miñana
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
| | | | - M. Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
| | - Vanesa Fernández‐Moreira
- Departamento de Química InorgánicaInstituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)CSIC-Universidad de ZaragozaPedro Cerbuna 1250009ZaragozaSpain
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Dou R, Cai X, Ruan L, Zhang J, Rouzi A, Chen J, Chai Z, Hu Y. Precision Nanomedicines: Targeting Hot Mitochondria in Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4103-4117. [PMID: 36066886 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrion is a multifunctional organelle in a cell, and it is one of the important targets of antitumor therapy. Conventional mitochondrial targeting strategies can hardly distinguish the mitochondria in cancer cells from those in normal cells, which might raise a concern about the biosafety. Recent studies suggest that a relatively high temperature of mitochondria exists in cancer cells. We named it tumor intrinsic mitochondrial overheating (TIMO). By taking advantage of the difference in mitochondrial temperatures between cancer cells and normal cells, therapeutic agents can be specifically delivered to the mitochondria in cancer cells. Here we will briefly overview the mitochondria-targeted delivery strategies. In addition, the recent discovery of hot mitochondria in cancer cells and the development of mitochondrial temperature-responsive delivery systems for antitumor therapy will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lifo Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Aisha Rouzi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Pete S, Roy N, Kar B, Paira P. Construction of homo and heteronuclear Ru(II), Ir(III) and Re(I) complexes for target specific cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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