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Hussain M, Khan I, Chaudhary MN, Ali K, Mushtaq A, Jiang B, Zheng L, Pan Y, Hu J, Zou X. Phosphatidylserine: A comprehensive overview of synthesis, metabolism, and nutrition. Chem Phys Lipids 2024; 264:105422. [PMID: 39097133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2024.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PtdS) is classified as a glycerophospholipid and a primary anionic phospholipid and is particularly abundant in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane in neural tissues. It is synthesized from phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine by exchanging the base head group with serine, and this reaction is catalyzed by PtdS synthase-1 and PtdS synthase-2 located in the endoplasmic reticulum. PtdS exposure on the outside surface of the cell is essential for eliminating apoptotic cells and initiating the blood clotting cascade. It is also a precursor of phosphatidylethanolamine, produced by PtdS decarboxylase in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells. Furthermore, PtdS acts as a cofactor for several necessary enzymes that participate in signaling pathways. Beyond these functions, several studies indicate that PtdS plays a role in various cerebral functions, including activating membrane signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission, and synaptic refinement associated with the central nervous system (CNS). This review discusses the occurrence of PtdS in nature and biosynthesis via enzymes and genes in plants, yeast, prokaryotes, mammalian cells, and the brain, and enzymatic synthesis through phospholipase D (PLD). Furthermore, we discuss metabolism, its role in the CNS, the fortification of foods, and supplementation for improving some memory functions, the results of which remain unclear. PtdS can be a potentially beneficial addition to foods for kids, seniors, athletes, and others, especially with the rising consumer trend favoring functional foods over conventional pills and capsules. Clinical studies have shown that PtdS is safe and well tolerated by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Imad Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Muneeba Naseer Chaudhary
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City/College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Khubaib Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Anam Mushtaq
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Bangzhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuechao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jijie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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Tian J, Lu Y, Zhao QL, Pu QY, Jiang S, Tang YP. DHA-enriched phosphatidylserine alleviates bisphenol A-induced liver injury through regulating glycerophospholipid metabolism and the SIRT1-AMPK pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34835. [PMID: 39148994 PMCID: PMC11325772 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the alleviating effect and mechanism of the docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phosphatidylserine (DHA-PS) on bisphenol A (BPA)-induced liver injury in mice, the murine liver injury model was established by gavage of BPA (5 mg/kg) or co-administration of BPA and DHA-PS (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) for 6 weeks. The results showed that after administration of 100 mg/kg DHA-PS, the liver index, serum levels of AST, ALT, TC, TG, NEFA, and LDL-C in mice were significantly decreased, while HDL-C was significantly increased. The LPS, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MDA levels in liver tissues were effectively down-regulated, and IL-10, SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT levels were effectively up-regulated. The H&E and Oil Red O staining results showed that liver damage was notably repaired and lipid deposition was notably reduced after DHA-PS administration. Furthermore, metabolomics and immunohistochemical studies revealed that DHA-PS mainly regulates glycerophospholipid metabolism and the SIRT1-AMPK pathway to improve metabolic disorders of the liver caused by BPA. Therefore, DHA-PS could potentially alleviate BPA-induced murine liver injury through suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress, and modulating lipid metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Medical Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Qiao-Ling Zhao
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Pu
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
| | - Su Jiang
- ECA Healthcare Inc, Shanghai, 201101, China
| | - Yun-Ping Tang
- School of Food and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, China
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Lopez E, Etxebarria-Elezgarai J, García-Sebastián M, Altuna M, Ecay-Torres M, Estanga A, Tainta M, López C, Martínez-Lage P, Amigo JM, Seifert A. Unlocking Preclinical Alzheimer's: A Multi-Year Label-Free In Vitro Raman Spectroscopy Study Empowered by Chemometrics. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4737. [PMID: 38731955 PMCID: PMC11084676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, the early detection of which is crucial for timely intervention and enrollment in clinical trials. However, the preclinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's encounters difficulties with gold-standard methods. The current definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's still relies on expensive instrumentation and post-mortem histological examinations. Here, we explore label-free Raman spectroscopy with machine learning as an alternative to preclinical Alzheimer's diagnosis. A special feature of this study is the inclusion of patient samples from different cohorts, sampled and measured in different years. To develop reliable classification models, partial least squares discriminant analysis in combination with variable selection methods identified discriminative molecules, including nucleic acids, amino acids, proteins, and carbohydrates such as taurine/hypotaurine and guanine, when applied to Raman spectra taken from dried samples of cerebrospinal fluid. The robustness of the model is remarkable, as the discriminative molecules could be identified in different cohorts and years. A unified model notably classifies preclinical Alzheimer's, which is particularly surprising because of Raman spectroscopy's high sensitivity regarding different measurement conditions. The presented results demonstrate the capability of Raman spectroscopy to detect preclinical Alzheimer's disease for the first time and offer invaluable opportunities for future clinical applications and diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Lopez
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018 San Sebasián, Spain; (E.L.); (J.E.-E.)
- Department of Physics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Maite García-Sebastián
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzhéimer Foundation, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain; (M.G.-S.); (M.A.); (M.E.-T.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (C.L.); (P.M.-L.)
| | - Miren Altuna
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzhéimer Foundation, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain; (M.G.-S.); (M.A.); (M.E.-T.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (C.L.); (P.M.-L.)
| | - Mirian Ecay-Torres
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzhéimer Foundation, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain; (M.G.-S.); (M.A.); (M.E.-T.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (C.L.); (P.M.-L.)
| | - Ainara Estanga
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzhéimer Foundation, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain; (M.G.-S.); (M.A.); (M.E.-T.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (C.L.); (P.M.-L.)
| | - Mikel Tainta
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzhéimer Foundation, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain; (M.G.-S.); (M.A.); (M.E.-T.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (C.L.); (P.M.-L.)
| | - Carolina López
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzhéimer Foundation, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain; (M.G.-S.); (M.A.); (M.E.-T.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (C.L.); (P.M.-L.)
| | - Pablo Martínez-Lage
- Center for Research and Advanced Therapies, CITA-Alzhéimer Foundation, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain; (M.G.-S.); (M.A.); (M.E.-T.); (A.E.); (M.T.); (C.L.); (P.M.-L.)
| | - Jose Manuel Amigo
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Andreas Seifert
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018 San Sebasián, Spain; (E.L.); (J.E.-E.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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Wang YW, Li Q, Li XY, Zhao YC, Wang CC, Xue CH, Wang YM, Zhang TT. A Comparative Study about the Neuroprotective Effects of DHA-Enriched Phosphatidylserine and EPA-Enriched Phosphatidylserine against Oxidative Damage in Primary Hippocampal Neurons. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:410. [PMID: 37504941 PMCID: PMC10381609 DOI: 10.3390/md21070410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve damage caused by accumulated oxidative stress is one of the characteristics and main mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies have shown that phosphatidylserine (PS) rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays a significant role in preventing and mitigating the progression of AD. However, whether DHA-PS and EPA-PS can directly protect primary hippocampal neurons against oxidative damage has not been studied. Here, the neuroprotective functions of DHA-PS and EPA-PS against H2O2/t-BHP-induced oxidative damage and the possible mechanisms were evaluated in primary hippocampal neurons. It was found that DHA-PS and EPA-PS could significantly improve cell morphology and promote the restoration of neural network structure. Further studies showed that both of them significantly alleviated oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. EPA-PS significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, thus playing an anti-apoptotic role, and EPA-PS significantly increased the protein expressions of p-TrkB and p-CREB, thus playing a neuroprotective role. In addition, EPA-PS, rather than DHA-PS could enhance synaptic plasticity by increasing the expression of SYN, and both could significantly reduce the expression levels of p-GSK3β and p-Tau. These results provide a scientific basis for the use of DHA/EPA-enriched phospholipids in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, and also provide a reference for the development of related functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Ying-Cai Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
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Singh Chauhan A, Chen CW, Sunil Tambat V, Rani Singhania R, Chang JS, Dong CD, Kumar Patel A. Bioprocess engineering to produce essential polyunsaturated fatty acids from Thraustochytrium sp. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129209. [PMID: 37230331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent studies, thraustochytridhas emerged as a sustainable substitute to fish oil or polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) sources: docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), anddocosahexaenoic acid(DHA). Due to growing health concerns, there is increasing demand for commercial application of PUFA to several diseases, aquaculture feeds, and dietary products. Thraustochytrium sp. found a sustainable source for considerable PUFA and SFA production and is expected to meet omega PUFA demand globally. This study aims to increase PUFA yield by glucose carbon with an appropriate nitrogen ratio (10:1). The maximum biomass and lipid obtained from 40 g/L glucose, with 7.47±0.3 g/L and 4.63 g/L (60.84±1.4%) yields, respectively. However, maximum relative lipid, DHA and DPA yields were from 30 g/L glucose i.e, 67.6±1.9 % and 963.58±24 and 693.10±24 mg/L respectively with complete glucose assimilation. Thus, this could be a potential source of commercial DPA and DHA producers under the biorefinery scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Singh Chauhan
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Vaibhav Sunil Tambat
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow-226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, 81157, Taiwan; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow-226 029, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Yamagata K. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits ischemic stroke to reduce vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2023; 167:106733. [PMID: 37028469 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke and dementia are global leading causes of neurological disability and death. The pathology of these diseases is interrelated and they share common, modifiable risk factors. It is suggested that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) prevents neurological and vascular disorders induced by ischemic stroke and also prevent dementia. The purpose of this study was to review the potential preventative role of DHA against ischemic stroke-induced vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, I analyzed studies on stroke-induced dementia from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases as well as studies on the effects of DHA on stroke-induced dementia. As per the results of interventional studies, DHA intake can potentially ameliorate dementia and cognitive function. In particular, DHA derived from foods such as fish oil enters the blood and then migrates to the brain by binding to fatty acid binding protein 5 that is present in cerebral vascular endothelial cells. At this point, the esterified form of DHA produced by lysophosphatidylcholine is preferentially absorbed into the brain instead of free DHA. DHA accumulates in nerve cell membrane and is involved in the prevention of dementia. The antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of DHA and DHA metabolites as well as their ability to decrease amyloid beta (Aβ) 42 production were implicated in the improvement of cognitive function. The antioxidant effect of DHA, the inhibition of neuronal cell death by Aβ peptide, improvement in learning ability, and enhancement of synaptic plasticity may contribute to the prevention of dementia induced by ischemic stroke.
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Phosphatidylserine in the Nervous System: Cytoplasmic Regulator of the AKT and PKC Signaling Pathways and Extracellular "Eat-Me" Signal in Microglial Phagocytosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1050-1066. [PMID: 36401705 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is an important anionic phospholipid found in eukaryotic cells and has been proven to serve as a beneficial factor in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. PtdSer resides in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, where it is involved in regulating the AKT and PKC signaling pathways; however, it becomes exposed to the extracellular leaflet during neurodevelopmental processes and neurodegenerative diseases, participating in microglia-mediated synaptic and neuronal phagocytosis. In this paper, we review several characteristics of PtdSer, including the synthesis and translocation of PtdSer, the functions of cytoplasmic and exposed PtdSer, and different PtdSer-detection materials used to further understand the role of PtdSer in the nervous system.
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Ma X, Li X, Wang W, Zhang M, Yang B, Miao Z. Phosphatidylserine, inflammation, and central nervous system diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:975176. [PMID: 35992593 PMCID: PMC9382310 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.975176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an anionic phospholipid in the eukaryotic membrane and is abundant in the brain. Accumulated studies have revealed that PS is involved in the multiple functions of the brain, such as activation of membrane signaling pathways, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission, and synaptic refinement. Those functions of PS are related to central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In this review, we discuss the metabolism of PS, the anti-inflammation function of PS in the brain; the alterations of PS in different CNS diseases, and the possibility of PS to serve as a therapeutic agent for diseases. Clinical studies have showed that PS has no side effects and is well tolerated. Therefore, PS and PS liposome could be a promising supplementation for these neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Yang,
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Zhigang Miao,
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Emerging Role of Phospholipids and Lysophospholipids for Improving Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid as Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies for Neurological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073969. [PMID: 35409331 PMCID: PMC9000073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) essential for neural development, learning, and vision. Although DHA can be provided to humans through nutrition and synthesized in vivo from its precursor alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), deficiencies in cerebral DHA level were associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. The aim of this review was to develop a complete understanding of previous and current approaches and suggest future approaches to target the brain with DHA in different lipids’ forms for potential prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Since glycerophospholipids (GPs) play a crucial role in DHA transport to the brain, we explored their biosynthesis and remodeling pathways with a focus on cerebral PUFA remodeling. Following this, we discussed the brain content and biological properties of phospholipids (PLs) and Lyso-PLs with omega-3 PUFA focusing on DHA’s beneficial effects in healthy conditions and brain disorders. We emphasized the cerebral accretion of DHA when esterified at sn-2 position of PLs and Lyso-PLs. Finally, we highlighted the importance of DHA-rich Lyso-PLs’ development for pharmaceutical applications since most commercially available DHA formulations are in the form of PLs or triglycerides, which are not the preferred transporter of DHA to the brain.
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Lipids in Pathophysiology and Development of the Membrane Lipid Therapy: New Bioactive Lipids. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120919. [PMID: 34940418 PMCID: PMC8708953 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Membranes are mainly composed of a lipid bilayer and proteins, constituting a checkpoint for the entry and passage of signals and other molecules. Their composition can be modulated by diet, pathophysiological processes, and nutritional/pharmaceutical interventions. In addition to their use as an energy source, lipids have important structural and functional roles, e.g., fatty acyl moieties in phospholipids have distinct impacts on human health depending on their saturation, carbon length, and isometry. These and other membrane lipids have quite specific effects on the lipid bilayer structure, which regulates the interaction with signaling proteins. Alterations to lipids have been associated with important diseases, and, consequently, normalization of these alterations or regulatory interventions that control membrane lipid composition have therapeutic potential. This approach, termed membrane lipid therapy or membrane lipid replacement, has emerged as a novel technology platform for nutraceutical interventions and drug discovery. Several clinical trials and therapeutic products have validated this technology based on the understanding of membrane structure and function. The present review analyzes the molecular basis of this innovative approach, describing how membrane lipid composition and structure affects protein-lipid interactions, cell signaling, disease, and therapy (e.g., fatigue and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, tumor, infectious diseases).
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Bie N, Li J, Li C, Lian R, Qin L, Wang C. Protective effect and mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid on the cognitive function in female APP/PS1 mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:11435-11448. [PMID: 34676845 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01922h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been studied for many years owing to its protective effect on the decline in brain function. DHA intake reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and decreases amyloid deposition; however, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been completed elucidated. In this study, the effect of DHA on the cognitive function of amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1 in wild-type mice and its related mechanism were investigated. Results from the Morris water maze test showed that DHA improved learning and memory function in mice. Moreover, DHA reduced neuronal damage in mice brains, as determined using Nissl staining. Unsaturated fatty acid levels in the brain of mice increased (p < 0.01) after DHA administration and saturated fatty acid levels decreased (p < 0.01). The deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and tau protein neurofibrillary tangles was significantly inhibited. The mechanism of action of DHA was attributed to the upregulation of the expression of β-secretase (BACE)2, which competed with BACE1 to cleave APP, thus decreasing the production of extracellular Aβ fragments (p < 0.01). The expression level of insulin-degrading enzyme was not significantly different. The expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors was further downregulated and the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and tau protein was inhibited (p < 0.01). These data indicated that DHA could protect cognitive function in mice by reducing Aβ plaque formation and decreasing tau phosphorylation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Bie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin, 300457, People Republic of China.
| | - Jingyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin, 300457, People Republic of China.
| | - Chenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin, 300457, People Republic of China.
| | - Rui Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin, 300457, People Republic of China.
| | - Liehao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin, 300457, People Republic of China.
| | - Chunling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin, 300457, People Republic of China.
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