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Tang Q, Lan T, Zhou C, Gao J, Wu L, Wei H, Li W, Tang Z, Tang W, Diao H, Xu Y, Peng X, Pang J, Zhao X, Sun Z. Nutrition strategies to control post-weaning diarrhea of piglets: From the perspective of feeds. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:297-311. [PMID: 38800731 PMCID: PMC11127239 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is a globally significant threat to the swine industry. Historically, antibiotics as well as high doses of zinc oxide and copper sulfate have been commonly used to control PWD. However, the development of bacterial resistance and environmental pollution have created an interest in alternative strategies. In recent years, the research surrounding these alternative strategies and the mechanisms of piglet diarrhea has been continually updated. Mechanically, diarrhea in piglets is a result of an imbalance in intestinal fluid and electrolyte absorption and secretion. In general, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and diarrheal viruses are known to cause an imbalance in the absorption and secretion of intestinal fluids and electrolytes in piglets, resulting in diarrhea when Cl- secretion-driven fluid secretion surpasses absorptive capacity. From a perspective of feedstuffs, factors that contribute to imbalances in fluid absorption and secretion in the intestines of weaned piglets include high levels of crude protein (CP), stimulation by certain antigenic proteins, high acid-binding capacity (ABC), and contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) in the diet. In response, efforts to reduce CP levels in diets, select feedstuffs with lower ABC values, and process feedstuffs using physical, chemical, and biological approaches are important strategies for alleviating PWD in piglets. Additionally, the diet supplementation with additives such as vitamins and natural products can also play a role in reducing the diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets. Here, we examine the mechanisms of absorption and secretion of intestinal fluids and electrolytes in piglets, summarize nutritional strategies to control PWD in piglets from the perspective of feeds, and provide new insights towards future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tianyi Lan
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chengyu Zhou
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jingchun Gao
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liuting Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haiyang Wei
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenxue Li
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hui Diao
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yetong Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xie Peng
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaman Pang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Yibin Academy of Southwest University, Yibin 644005, China
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Deng Z, Kim SW. Opportunities and Challenges of Soy Proteins with Different Processing Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:569. [PMID: 38790674 PMCID: PMC11117726 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is a prevailing plant protein supplement in animal diets because of its nutritional value and availability. This review paper explores the significance of SBM and processed soy products, emphasizing their nutritional and bioactive components, such as isoflavones and soyasaponins. These compounds are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and are associated with a reduced prevalence of chronic diseases. However, the presence of antinutritional compounds in SBM presents a significant challenge. The paper evaluates various processing methods, including ethanol/acid wash, enzyme treatment, and fermentation, which are aimed at enhancing the nutritional value of soy products. It highlights the significance to maintain a balance between nutritional enhancement and the preservation of beneficial bioactive compounds, emphasizing the importance of different processing techniques to fully exploit the health benefits of soy-based products. Therefore, this review illuminates the complex balance between nutritional improvement, bioactive compound preservation, and the overall health implications of soy products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
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Liu S, Zhu H, Ren Y, Fan W, Wu H, Wu H, Huang Z, Zhu W. A hydrolyzed casein diet promotes Ngn3 controlling enteroendocrine cell differentiation to increase gastrointestinal motility in mice. Food Funct 2024; 15:1237-1249. [PMID: 38227487 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04152b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Gut hormones are produced by enteroendocrine cells (EECs) found along the intestinal epithelium, and these cells play a crucial role in regulating intestinal function, nutrient absorption and food intake. A hydrolyzed casein diet has been reported to promote the secretion of gut hormones through the regulation of EEC development, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate whether the hydrolyzed casein diet can regulate EEC differentiation by employing mouse and organoid models. Mice were fed diets containing either casein (casein group) or hydrolyzed casein (hydrolyzed casein group) as the sole protein source. The hydrolyzed casein diet upregulated the expression of transcription factors, induced EEC differentiation, increased fasting serum ghrelin concentrations and promoted gastrointestinal (GI) motility in the duodenum compared to the casein diet. Interestingly, these differences could be abolished when there is addition of antibiotics to the drinking water, suggesting a significant role of gut microbiota in the hydrolyzed casein-mediated EEC function. Further investigation showed that the hydrolyzed casein diet led to reduced microbial diversity, especially the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) on the duodenal mucosa. In contrast, gavage with A. muciniphila impaired EEC differentiation through attenuated neurog3 transcription factor (Ngn3) expression, mediated through the promotion of Notch signaling. Moreover, pasteurized A. muciniphila showed similar effects to enter organoids in vitro. Overall, we found that a hydrolyzed casein diet reduced the abundance of A. muciniphila and promoted Ngn3 controlling EEC differentiation and this pathway is associated with increased GI motility in mice. The findings provide new insights into the role of hydrolyzed casein in gut transit and guidelines for using hydrolyzed casein in safe formula milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiang Liu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural, University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haining Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural, University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yuting Ren
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural, University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Wenlu Fan
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural, University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haiqin Wu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural, University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Huipeng Wu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural, University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zan Huang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural, University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural, University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Song H, Wang Q, Shao Z, Wang X, Cao H, Huang K, Guan X. Identification and target of action of cholecystokinin-releasing peptides from simulated digestion hydrolysate of wheat protein. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:295-302. [PMID: 37563097 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wheat protein intake leads to improved appetite control. However, the active components causing appetite in wheat have not been fully clarified. Gut cholecystokinin (CCK) plays a vital role in appetite control. This study aimed to investigate the ability of wheat protein digest (WPD) to stimulate CCK secretion and clarify the active components and target of action. RESULTS WPD was prepared by a simulated gastrointestinal digestion model. WPD treatment with a concentration of 5 mg mL-1 significantly stimulated CCK secretion in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells (P < 0.05). Furthermore, oral gavage with WPD in mice significantly increased plasma CCK level at 60 min (P < 0.01). Preparative C18 column separation was used to isolate peptide fractions associated with CCK secretion and peptide sequences were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A new CCK-releasing peptide, RYIVPL, that potently stimulated CCK secretion was successfully identified. After pretreatment with a specific calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) antagonist, NPS 2143, CCK secretion induced by WPD or RYIVPL was greatly suppressed, suggesting that CaSR was involved in WPD- or RYIVPL-induced CCK secretion. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that WPD has an ability to stimulate CCK secretion in vitro and in vivo, and determined that peptide RYIVPL in WPD could stimulate CCK secretion through CaSR. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdong Song
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuwei Shao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
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Huang K, Wang Q, Song H, Cao H, Guan X. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of highland barley protein: identification and characterization of novel bioactive peptides involved in gut cholecystokinin secretion. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7869-7876. [PMID: 37467368 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in food intake inhibition. Its secretion is regulated by dietary components. The search for bioactive compounds that induce CCK secretion is currently an active area of research. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of highland barley protein digest (HBPD) to stimulate CCK secretion in vitro and in vivo and identify the responsible peptide sequences. RESULTS HBPD was prepared by in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. Peptides of <1000 Da in HBPD accounted for 82%. HBPD was rich in essential amino acids Leu, Phe and Val, but lack in sulfur amino acids Met and Cys. HBPD treatment at a concentration of 5 mg mL-1 significantly stimulated CCK secretion from enteroendocrine STC-1 cells (P < 0.05). Moreover, oral gavage with HBPD in mice significantly increased plasma CCK level. Chromatographic separation was performed to isolate peptide fractions involved in CCK secretion and peptide sequence was determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Two novel CCK-releasing peptides, PDLP and YRIVPL, were pointed out for their outstanding CCK secretagogue activity. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated for the first time that HBPD had an ability to stimulate CCK secretion in vitro and in vivo and determined the bioactive peptides exerting CCK secretagogue activity in HBPD. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongdong Song
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
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6
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Xie Y, Cai L, Ding M, Shan K, Zhao D, Zhou G, Li C. Plant-based meat analogues enhance the gastrointestinal motility function and appetite of mice by specific volatile compounds and peptides. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113551. [PMID: 37986430 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Eating behavior is critical for maintaining energy homeostasis. Previous studies have found that plant-based meat analogues increased diet intake in mice compared with animal meat under a free feeding mode, however the reasons were unclear. To explore the underlying mechanisms of plant-based meat analogues increasing diet intake, mice were fed animal or plant-based pork and beef analogue diets, respectively. Biochemical and histological analyses were performed to evaluate appetite-regulating hormones and gastrointestinal motility function. Peptiomics and GC-IMS were applied to identify key substances. We found that the intake of plant-based meat analogues significantly enhanced the gastrointestinal motility function of mice. The long-term intake (68 days) of plant-based meat analogues significantly increased the muscle layer thickness of the duodenum and jejunum of mice; the activity of gastrointestinal cells of Cajal were also promoted by upregulating the expression of c-kit related signals as compared to animal meat; plant-based meat analogues intake markedly enhanced the signal intensity of the intestinal neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by upregulating the expression of 5-HT synthase and receptors but downregulating its transporter and catabolic enzyme in the intestine. Moreover, plant-based meat analogues intake significantly increased levels of appetite-stimulating factors in the peripheral or hypothalamus but reduced levels of appetite-suppressing factors compared with animal meat. Specific volatile compounds were significantly associated with appetite regulating factors. Among them, 7 substances such as linalool have a potential promoting effect on food intake. Besides, different digestive peptides in gastrointestinal tract may affect eating behavior mainly through the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, exerting hormone-like effects or influencing endocrine cell secretion. These findings preliminarily clarified the mechanism of plant-based meat analogues promoting diet intake and provided a theoretical basis for a reasonable diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Linlin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengzhen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunbao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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7
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Zhang M, Zhu L, Wu G, Zhang H, Wang X, Qi X. The impacts and mechanisms of dietary proteins on glucose homeostasis and food intake: a pivotal role of gut hormones. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37800337 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2256400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and energy metabolism disorders are the main reasons induced type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Besides providing energy, dietary nutrients could regulate glucose homeostasis and food intake via intestinal nutrient sensing induced gut hormone secretion. However, reviews regarding intestinal protein sensing are very limited, and no accurate information is available on their underlying mechanisms. Through intestinal protein sensing, dietary proteins regulate glucose homeostasis and food intake by secreting gut hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY (PYY) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). After activating the sensory receptors, such as calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), peptide transporter-1 (PepT1), and taste 1 receptors (T1Rs), protein digests induced Ca2+ influx and thus triggered gut hormone release. Additionally, research models used to study intestinal protein sensing have been emphasized, especially several innovative models with excellent physiological relevance, such as co-culture cell models, intestinal organoids, and gut-on-a-chips. Lastly, protein-based dietary strategies that stimulate gut hormone secretion and inhibit gut hormone degradation are proposed for regulating glucose homeostasis and food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiguang Qi
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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8
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Li S, Liu M, Cao S, Liu B, Li D, Wang Z, Sun H, Cui Y, Shi Y. The Mechanism of the Gut-Brain Axis in Regulating Food Intake. Nutrients 2023; 15:3728. [PMID: 37686760 PMCID: PMC10490484 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of energy metabolism disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and anorexia, the regulation of feeding has become the focus of global attention. The gastrointestinal tract is not only the site of food digestion and absorption but also contains a variety of appetite-regulating signals such as gut-brain peptides, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), bacterial proteins, and cellular components produced by gut microbes. While the central nervous system (CNS), as the core of appetite regulation, can receive and integrate these appetite signals and send instructions to downstream effector organs to promote or inhibit the body's feeding behaviour. This review will focus on the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding behaviour, discussing how the peripheral appetite signal is sensed by the CNS via the gut-brain axis and the role of the central "first order neural nuclei" in the process of appetite regulation. Here, elucidation of the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding regulation may provide new strategies for future production practises and the treatment of diseases such as anorexia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouren Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Shixi Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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9
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Song H, Wang Q, Shao Z, Wang X, Cao H, Huang K, Sun Q, Sun Z, Guan X. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) protein: release and structural characteristics of novel bioactive peptides stimulating gut cholecystokinin secretion. Food Funct 2023; 14:7469-7477. [PMID: 37489980 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) plays a vital role in appetite inhibition. Its secretion is regulated by dietary components. The search for bioactive compounds that stimulate CCK secretion is currently an active area of research. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) protein digest (BPD) to stimulate CCK secretion in vitro and in vivo and clarify the structural characteristics of peptides stimulating CCK secretion. BPD was prepared by an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. The relative molecular weight of BPD was <10 000 Da, and peptides with <3000 Da accounted for 70%. BPD was rich in essential amino acids Lys, Leu, and Val but lacked sulfur amino acids Met and Cys. It had a stimulatory effect on CCK secretion in vitro and in vivo. Chromatographic separation was performed to isolate peptide fractions involved in CCK secretion, and five novel CCK-releasing peptides including QFDLDD, PAFKEEHL, SFHFPI, IPPLFP, and RVTVQPDS were successfully identified. A sequence length range of 6-8 and marked hydrophobicity (18-28) were observed among the most CCK-releasing peptides. The present study demonstrated for the first time that BPD could stimulate CCK secretion and clarify the structural characteristics of bioactive peptides having CCK secretagogue activity in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdong Song
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Zhuwei Shao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Xinyue Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Qiqi Sun
- Fengxian Central Hospital, Shanghai 201499, China.
| | | | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai 200093, China
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10
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Huang J, Xu Q, Li Y, He X, Guo Y, Sun X. Activation of Calcium-Sensing Receptor in the Area Postrema Inhibits Food Intake via Glutamatergic and GABAergic Signaling Pathways. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200245. [PMID: 36281915 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE A high-protein diet has become a popular way to lose weight. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is activated by amino acids in addition to calcium ions. CaSR shows dense expression in the area postrema (AP), which participates in feeding regulation. The effect of CaSR in the AP on food intake and the potential mechanism involved is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57BL/6 mice are used to observe the effect of R568 (agonist of CaSR) on food intake. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence staining, and chemogenetics are used to explore the neural signaling involved. CaSR activation in the AP inhibited acute feeding; R568 increases the content of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the AP, whereas only glutamatergic neurons mediate the effect of R568. GABA-A receptor and ionic glutamate receptor (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor [NMDAR]) in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) are involved in the effect of R568. Promotion of oxytocin (OT) synthesis in the PVN also participates in the effect of R568, and this mechanism is mediated by NMDAR in the PVN. CONCLUSION CaSR activation in the AP suppresses feeding, and AP-PVN glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling pathways are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoman He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
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11
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Li Z, Ding L, Zhu W, Hang S. Effects of the increased protein level in small intestine on the colonic microbiota, inflammation and barrier function in growing pigs. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:172. [PMID: 35794527 PMCID: PMC9258065 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An increased level of the dietary protein alters the colonic microbial community and metabolic profile of pigs, but it remains unclear whether this leads to colonic inflammation and impairs barrier function in growing pigs. Results Sixteen pigs (35.2 ± 0.3 kg) were infused with sterile saline (control) or soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) (70 g/day) through a duodenal fistula twice daily during a 15-day experimental period. The SPH treatment did not affect their average daily feed intake and daily weight gain (P > 0.05), but reduced colon index and length (P < 0.05). Illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed that species richness was increased following SPH intervention (P < 0.05). Furthermore, SPH reduced the abundance of butyrate- and propionate-producing bacteria—such as Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Lachnospiraceae_uncultured, Coprococcus 3, Lachnospiraceae UCG-002, and Anaerovibrio—and increased the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria and protein-fermenting bacteria, such as Escherichia-Shigella, Dialister, Veillonella, Prevotella, Candidatus Saccharimonas, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-006, Prevotellaceae_uncultured, and Prevotellaceae UCG-003 (P < 0.05). In addition, a lower content of total short-chain fatty acids, propionate, and butyrate and a higher concentration of cadaverine, putrescine, total biogenic amines, ammonia, and isovalerate were observed following SPH infusion (P < 0.05). Further analysis revealed that SPH increased the concentration of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in the colonic mucosa (P < 0.05). Interestingly, SPH intervention increased the expression of occludin, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, and claudin-1 in colonic mucosa (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that different genera were significantly related to the production of metabolites and the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion An increased soy protein level in the small intestine altered the colonic microbial composition and metabolic profile, which resulted in the secretion of colonic proinflammatory cytokines and the increased expression of tight junction proteins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02498-x.
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12
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Effects of fermented soybean meal on growth performance, meat quality, and antioxidant capacity in finishing pigs. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Song H, Fu Q, Huang K, Zou Z, Chen L, Chen H, Ge S, Wang J, Guan X. Digestion characteristics of quinoa, barley and mungbean proteins and the effects of their simulated gastrointestinal digests on CCK secretion in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells. Food Funct 2022; 13:6233-6243. [PMID: 35587126 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00243d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The demand for plant-based proteins has been rapidly increasing due to sustainability, ethical and health reasons. The present study aimed to investigate the digestion characteristics of three plant proteins (quinoa, barley and mungbean) based on an in vitro digestion model and the effect of their simulated gastrointestinal digests on satiety hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells. The nitrogen distribution in the digestion process, the relative molecular weight (MW) of peptides and the amino acid composition in simulated gastrointestinal digests were characterized. Quinoa protein had the highest proportion of soluble nitrogen after gastrointestinal digestion (85.79%), followed by barley protein (74.98%) and mungbean protein (64.14%), suggesting that quinoa protein was more easily digested than barley and mungbean proteins. The peptides but not free amino acids were the main components in the gastrointestinal digests of quinoa, barley, and mungbean proteins. The gastrointestinal digest of quinoa protein had a well balanced amino acid pattern, whereas that of barley protein was lacking Lys, and that of the mungbean protein was short of sulfur amino acids (Phe + Tyr) but rich in Lys. In terms of the ability to stimulate CCK secretion, the gastrointestinal digest of barley protein had a strong stimulatory effect on CCK secretion, while that of quinoa and mungbean proteins had only a weak stimulatory effect. After pretreatment with a specific calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) antagonist NPS 2143, CCK secretion induced by the barley protein digest was greatly suppressed, indicating that CaSR was involved in barley protein digest-induced CCK secretion. These results show that quinoa protein has good nutritional quality, while barley protein is an excellent plant protein source to stimulate CCK secretion and has a potential application as a dietary supplement for obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdong Song
- School of Health Science and Engineering, National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Qiuyun Fu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Zhiying Zou
- School of Health Science and Engineering, National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Limin Chen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Hulin Chen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Shaocheng Ge
- School of Health Science and Engineering, National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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Emetic Response to T-2 Toxin Correspond to Secretion of Glucagon-like Peptide-17–36 Amide and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060389. [PMID: 35737050 PMCID: PMC9228683 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-2 toxin, a major secondary metabolite of Fusarium Gramineae, is considered a great risk to humans and animals due to its toxicity, such as inducing emesis. The mechanism of emesis is a complex signal involving an imbalance of hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as activity of visceral afferent neurons. The T-2 toxin has been proven to induce emesis and possess the capacity to elevate expressions of intestinal hormones glucagon-like peptide-17–36 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), both of which are important emetic factors. In addition, the activation of calcium-sensitive receptor (CaSR) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are engaged in intestinal hormone release. However, it is unknown whether hormones GLP-1 and GIP mediate T-2 toxin-induced emetic response through activating CaSR and TRP channels. To further assess the mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced emesis, we studied the hypothesis that T-2 toxin-caused emetic response and intestinal hormones GLP-1 and GIP released in mink are associated with activating calcium transduction. Following oral gavage and intraperitoneal injection T-2 toxin, emetic responses were observed in a dose-dependent manner, which notably corresponded to the secretion of GLP-1 and GIP, and were suppressed by pretreatment with respective antagonist Exending9–39 and Pro3GIP. Additional research found that NPS-2143 (NPS) and ruthenium red (RR), respective antagonists of CaSR and TRP channels, dramatically inhibited both T-2 toxin-induced emesis response and the expression of plasma GLP-1 and GIP. According to these data, we observed that T-2 toxin-induced emetic response corresponds to secretion of GLP-1 and GIP via calcium transduction.
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15
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Li Z, Ding L, Zhu W, Hang S. Determination of the Effects of Duodenal Infusion Soy Protein Hydrolysate on Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Pigs Through Multi-Omics Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:838617. [PMID: 35558750 PMCID: PMC9087715 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.838617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High animal protein intake increases hepatic lipid deposition and the risk of diabetes. However, the effects of high plant protein (HPP) intake on glycaemic responses and hepatic lipid metabolism in healthy people, as well as the underlying mechanisms, remain unclear. The current study explored the metabolomic and transcriptomic responses in the livers of pigs to assess the effects of HPP intake on host glucose and lipid metabolism. Sixteen pigs were infused with sterile saline or soy protein hydrolysate (SPH; 70 g/day) through a duodenal fistula twice daily during a 15 days experimental period. Hepatic metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed, and the serum and hepatic biochemical parameters were measured. The results revealed that SPH infusion decreased serum glucose, hepatic triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, while it increased serum urea and eight hepatic amino acid levels (P < 0.05). Hepatic metabolomics displayed that SPH treatment produced seven different metabolites, four of which were related to lipid metabolism and one was related to glucose metabolism. In particular, lower (P < 0.05) glycocholic acid and glucose 1-phosphate levels and higher (P < 0.05) phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), arachidonic acid, prostaglandin F2α, l-carnitine and indole-3 acetic acid levels were observed following SPH infusion. A further metabolic pathway enrichment analysis found that these differential metabolites were mainly enriched in pathways related to lipid and glucose metabolism. Hepatic transcriptomics also demonstrated that multiple genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism were affected by SPH (P < 0.05). Together, SPH infusion reduced the hepatic TG levels by accelerating fatty acid β-oxidation and inhibiting TG synthesis. In addition, SPH infusion reduced the serum glucose levels by promoting hepatic glucose uptake and glycolysis. This study's result demonstrated that HPP intake regulated glycaemic responses and hepatic lipid metabolism in pigs without increasing the risk of hepatic lipid deposition and hyperglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Li
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liren Ding
- National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suqin Hang
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Li Z, Ding L, Mu C, Zhu W, Hang S. Duodenal infusion of soy protein hydrolysate activates cAMP signaling and hypothalamic neurotransmitter synthesis in pigs. Food Funct 2022; 13:12067-12076. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02314h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An increased soy protein hydrolysate (SPH) level promoted hypothalamic acetylcholine, dopamine, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxin Li
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liren Ding
- National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunlong Mu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Suqin Hang
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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