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Hu Y, Li Y, Cao Y, Shen Y, Zou X, Liu J, Zhao J. Advancements in enzymatic biotransformation and bioactivities of rare ginsenosides: A review. J Biotechnol 2024; 392:78-89. [PMID: 38945483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside, the principal active constituent of ginseng, exhibits enhanced bioavailability and medicinal efficacy in rare ginsenosides compared to major ginsenosides. Current research is focused on efficiently and selectively removing sugar groups attached to the major ginsenoside sugar chains to convert them into rare ginsenosides that meet the demands of medical industry and functional foods. The methods for preparing rare ginsenosides encompass chemical, microbial, and enzymatic approaches. Among these, the enzyme conversion method is highly favored by researchers due to its exceptional specificity and robust efficiency. This review summarizes the biological activities of different rare ginsenosides, explores the various glycosidases used in the biotransformation of different major ginsenosides as substrates, and elucidates their respective corresponding biotransformation pathways. These findings will provide valuable references for the development, utilization, and industrial production of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Hu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuzhu Shen
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xianjun Zou
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China.
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2
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Niu MY, Dong GT, Li Y, Luo Q, Cao L, Wang XM, Wang QW, Wang YT, Zhang Z, Zhong XW, Dai WB, Li LY. Fanlian Huazhuo Formula alleviates high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating autophagy and lipid synthesis signaling pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:3584-3608. [PMID: 39193572 PMCID: PMC11346146 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i30.3584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fanlian Huazhuo Formula (FLHZF) has the functions of invigorating spleen and resolving phlegm, clearing heat and purging turbidity. It has been identified to have therapeutic effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in clinical application. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is frequently diagnosed in patients with T2DM. However, the therapeutic potential of FLHZF on NAFLD and the underlying mechanisms need further investigation. AIM To elucidate the effects of FLHZF on NAFLD and explore the underlying hepatoprotective mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. METHODS HepG2 cells were treated with free fatty acid for 24 hours to induce lipid accumulation cell model. Subsequently, experiments were conducted with the different concentrations of freeze-dried powder of FLHZF for 24 hours. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet for 8-week to establish a mouse model of NAFLD, and then treated with the different concentrations of FLHZF for 10 weeks. RESULTS FLHZF had therapeutic potential against lipid accumulation and abnormal changes in biochemical indicators in vivo and in vitro. Further experiments verified that FLHZF alleviated abnormal lipid metabolism might by reducing oxidative stress, regulating the AMPKα/SREBP-1C signaling pathway, activating autophagy, and inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis. CONCLUSION FLHZF alleviates abnormal lipid metabolism in NAFLD models by regulating reactive oxygen species, autophagy, apoptosis, and lipid synthesis signaling pathways, indicating its potential for clinical application in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Niu
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Geng-Ting Dong
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi-Min Wang
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi-Wen Wang
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi-Wen Zhong
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei-Bo Dai
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Le-Yu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan 528400, Guangdong Province, China
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Zhang J, Duan M, Wu S, Jiang S, Hu S, Chen W, Zhang J, Quan H, Yang W, Wang C. Comprehensive pharmacological and experimental study of Ginsenoside Re as a potential therapeutic agent for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116955. [PMID: 38906030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ginsenoside Re, a unique tetracyclic triterpenoid compound found in ginseng, has been suggested in previous reports to improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by modulating lipid imbalance. This study aims to elucidate the potential mechanisms of Ginsenoside Re in treating NAFLD through a combination of bioinformatics analysis and biological experiments. METHODS Network pharmacology methods were employed to systematically depict the effective components and mechanisms of Ginsenoside Re in improving NAFLD. Molecular docking was utilized to evaluate the binding affinity of Ginsenoside Re with NAFLD-related targets and identify potential targets. NAFLD-related target genes were obtained from the GEO database for gene enrichment analysis, revealing signaling pathways, biological processes, and gene differential expression. Finally, animal experiments were conducted to verify the mechanism of action of Ginsenoside Re in NAFLD. RESULTS Network pharmacology analysis revealed that Ginsenoside Re improves NAFLD by modulating targets such as AKT1 and TLR4, findings corroborated by molecular docking, GEO database analysis, and experimental validation. Further investigation found that Ginsenoside Re ameliorates lipid metabolism disorders and inflammatory responses induced by NAFLD by modulating the PI3K/AKT and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the pharmacological effects of Ginsenoside Re in treating NAFLD, implicating multiple components, targets, and pathways. This provides a solid foundation for considering Ginsenoside Re as an alternative therapy for NAFLD, with promising clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Zhang
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mingfei Duan
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shaohong Wu
- Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songhao Hu
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junchang Zhang
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Quan
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China.
| | - Wah Yang
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Cunchuan Wang
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Cao S, Liu M, Han Y, Li S, Zhu X, Li D, Shi Y, Liu B. Effects of Saponins on Lipid Metabolism: The Gut-Liver Axis Plays a Key Role. Nutrients 2024; 16:1514. [PMID: 38794751 PMCID: PMC11124185 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy lifestyles (high-fat diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, too little exercise, etc.) in the current society are prone to cause lipid metabolism disorders affecting the health of the organism and inducing the occurrence of diseases. Saponins, as biologically active substances present in plants, have lipid-lowering, inflammation-reducing, and anti-atherosclerotic effects. Saponins are thought to be involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the body; it suppresses the appetite and, thus, reduces energy intake by modulating pro-opiomelanocortin/Cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript (POMC/CART) neurons and neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AGRP) neurons in the hypothalamus, the appetite control center. Saponins directly activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway and related transcriptional regulators such as peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptors (PPAR), CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP), and sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP) increase fatty acid oxidation and inhibit lipid synthesis. It also modulates gut-liver interactions to improve lipid metabolism by regulating gut microbes and their metabolites and derivatives-short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), trimethylamine (TMA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), et al. This paper reviews the positive effects of different saponins on lipid metabolism disorders, suggesting that the gut-liver axis plays a crucial role in improving lipid metabolism processes and may be used as a therapeutic target to provide new strategies for treating lipid metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixi Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Yao Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Shouren Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Morshed MN, Akter R, Karim MR, Iqbal S, Kang SC, Yang DC. Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2320-2342. [PMID: 38534764 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare ginsenoside compound K (CK) is an intestinal microbial metabolite with a low natural abundance that is primarily produced by physicochemical processing, side chain modification, or metabolic transformation in the gut. Moreover, CK exhibits potent biological activity compared to primary ginsenosides, which has raised concerns in the field of ginseng research and development, as well as ginsenoside-related dietary supplements and natural products. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc are generally used as a substrate to generate CK via several bioconversion processes. Current research shows that CK has a wide range of pharmacological actions, including boosting osteogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation, insulin resistance, and anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties. Further research on the bioavailability and toxicology of CK can advance its medicinal application. The purpose of this review is to lay the groundwork for future clinical studies and the development of CK as a therapy for metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the toxicology and pharmacology of CK are investigated as well in this review. The findings indicate that CK primarily modulates signaling pathways associated with AMPK, SIRT1, PPARs, WNTs, and NF-kB. It also demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect of CK on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and its complications, as well as osteoporosis. Additionally, the analogues of CK showed more bioavailability, less toxicity, and more efficacy against disease states. Enhancing bioavailability and regulating hazardous variables are crucial for its use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Niaj Morshed
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Reshmi Akter
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Safia Iqbal
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
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Cai T, Song X, Xu X, Dong L, Liang S, Xin M, Huang Y, Zhu L, Li T, Wang X, Fang Y, Xu Z, Wang C, Wang M, Li J, Zheng Y, Sun W, Li L. Effects of plant natural products on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and the underlying mechanisms: a narrative review with a focus on the modulation of the gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1323261. [PMID: 38444539 PMCID: PMC10912229 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1323261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in hepatocytes. However, due to the complex pathogenesis of MAFLD, there are no officially approved drugs for treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find safe and effective anti-MAFLD drugs. Recently, the relationship between the gut microbiota and MAFLD has been widely recognized, and treating MAFLD by regulating the gut microbiota may be a new therapeutic strategy. Natural products, especially plant natural products, have attracted much attention in the treatment of MAFLD due to their multiple targets and pathways and few side effects. Moreover, the structure and function of the gut microbiota can be influenced by exposure to plant natural products. However, the effects of plant natural products on MAFLD through targeting of the gut microbiota and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Based on the above information and to address the potential therapeutic role of plant natural products in MAFLD, we systematically summarize the effects and mechanisms of action of plant natural products in the prevention and treatment of MAFLD through targeting of the gut microbiota. This narrative review provides feasible ideas for further exploration of safer and more effective natural drugs for the prevention and treatment of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Cai
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Song
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Shufei Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Meiling Xin
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Linghui Zhu
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianxing Li
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueke Wang
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yini Fang
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Basic Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengbao Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Jingda Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yanfei Zheng
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Lingru Li
- National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Lv T, Lou Y, Yan Q, Nie L, Cheng Z, Zhou X. Phosphorylation: new star of pathogenesis and treatment in steatotic liver disease. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:50. [PMID: 38368351 PMCID: PMC10873984 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Steatotic liver disease poses a serious threat to human health and has emerged as one of the most significant burdens of chronic liver disease worldwide. Currently, the research mechanism is not clear, and there is no specific targeted drug for direct treatment. Phosphorylation is widely regarded as the most common type of protein modification, closely linked to steatotic liver disease in previous studies. However, there is no systematic review to clarify the relationship and investigate from the perspective of phosphorylation. Phosphorylation has been found to mainly regulate molecule stability, affect localization, transform molecular function, and cooperate with other protein modifications. Among them, adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), serine/threonine kinase (AKT), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) are considered the core mechanisms in steatotic liver disease. As to treatment, lifestyle changes, prescription drugs, and herbal ingredients can alleviate symptoms by influencing phosphorylation. It demonstrates the significant role of phosphorylation as a mechanism occurrence and a therapeutic target in steatotic liver disease, which could be a new star for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansu Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianhua Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Nie
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Cheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiqiao Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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8
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Liao J, Xie X, Wang N, Wang Y, Zhao J, Chen F, Qu F, Wen W, Miao J, Cui H. Formononetin promotes fatty acid β-oxidation to treat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPARα pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 124:155285. [PMID: 38185065 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), carries a high risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. With the increasing incidence of NASH, the accompanying medical burden is also increasing rapidly, so the development of safe and reliable drugs is urgent. Formononetin (FMNT) has a variety of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammation, and plays a major role in regulating lipid metabolism, reducing hepatic steatosis and so on, but the mechanism for alleviating NASH is unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We firstly established a mouse model on NASH through methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet to investigate the improvement of FMNT as well as the effects of fatty acid β oxidation and SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPARα pathway. Then, we explored the mechanisms of FMNT regulation in SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPARα pathway and fatty acid β oxidation based on genes silencing of SIRT1 and PGC1A. In addition, SIRT1 agonist (SRT1720) and inhibitor (EX527) were used to verify the mechanism of FMNT on improvement of NASH. RESULTS Our study found that after FMNT intervention, activities of ALT and AST and TG level were improved, and liver function and hepatocellular steatosis on NASH mice were significantly improved. The detection of β oxidation related indicators showed that FMNT intervention up-regulated FAO capacity, level of carnitine, and the levels of ACADM and CPT1A. The detection of factors related to the SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPARα pathway showed that FMNT activated and promoted the expression of SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPARα pathway, including up-regulating the expression level of SIRT1, improving the activity of SIRT1, promoting the deacetylation of PGC-1α, and promoting the transcriptional activity of PPARα. Furthermore, after genes silencing of SIRT1 and PGC1A, we found that FMNT intervention could not alleviate NASH, including improvement of hepatocellular steatosis, enhancement of β oxidation, and regulation of SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPARα pathway. Afterwards, we used SRT1720 as a positive control, and the results indicated that FMNT and SRT1720 intervention had no significant difference on improving hepatocellular steatosis and promoting fatty acid β oxidation. Besides, we found that when EX527 intervention inhibited expression of SIRT1, the improvement of FMNT on NASH was weakened or even disappeared. CONCLUSION In summary, our results demonstrated that FMNT intervention activated SIRT1/PGC-1α/PPARα pathway to promote fatty acid β oxidation and regulate lipid metabolism in liver, ultimately improved hepatocellular steatosis on NASH mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Liao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, China; Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehua Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Qu
- Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weibo Wen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jing Miao
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Huantian Cui
- School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, China.
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Mi A, Hu Q, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Shen F, Lan J, Lv K, Wang B, Gao R, Yu X. Hepatoprotective efficacy and interventional mechanism of the panaxadiol saponin component in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD mice. Food Funct 2024; 15:794-808. [PMID: 38131276 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Dietary administration is a promising strategy for intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our research team has identified a biologically active component, the panaxadiol saponin component (PDS-C) isolated from total saponins of panax ginseng, which has various pharmacological and therapeutic functions. However, the efficacy and mechanism of PDS-C in NAFLD were unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the hepatoprotective effects and underlying action mechanism of PDS-C in NAFLD. Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to induce NAFLD and treated with PDS-C and metformin as the positive control for 12 weeks. PDS-C significantly alleviated liver function, hepatic steatosis and blood lipid levels, reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in NAFLD mice. In vitro, PDS-C has been shown to reduce lipotoxicity and ROS levels while enhancing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities in HepG2 cells induced by palmitic acid. PDS-C induced AMPK phosphorylation, leading to upregulation of the Nrf2/HO1 pathway expression and downregulation of the NFκB protein level. Furthermore, our observations indicate that PDS-C supplementation improves insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis in NAFLD mice, although its efficacy is not as pronounced as metformin. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the hepatoprotective efficacy of PDS-C in NAFLD and provide potential opportunities for developing functional products containing PDS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Mi
- Institute of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- Institute of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanna Zhao
- Institute of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenglin Shen
- Institute of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinjian Lan
- Institute of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keren Lv
- Institute of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bolin Wang
- Institute of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruilan Gao
- Institute of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Yu
- Institute of Hematology Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Zhang J, Liu Y, An C, Liu C, Ma S, Zhang Q, Ding H, Shao J, Xue W. Protective Effect of Ginsenoside CK against Autoimmune Hepatitis Induced by Concanavalin A. Foods 2023; 12:4379. [PMID: 38137182 PMCID: PMC10743209 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside CK, a kind of rare ginsenoside transformed from protopanaxadiol saponins extracted from the genus Panax, has been proven to possess favorable bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetes, and hepatoprotective effects. The current study is targeted to determine the effect of ginsenoside CK on hepatitis induced by concanavalin A (Con A). Mice were treated with different dosages of ginsenoside CK for 7 days, and Con A (15 mg/kg) was intravenously injected to induce autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) after the last administration. The results demonstrated that pretreatment with ginsenoside CK (40 mg/kg) could obviously ameliorate the increase in serum indicators related to liver function such as AST, ALT, and ALP, and hepatic lesions induced by Con A. Meanwhile, ginsenoside CK suppressed hepatocyte apoptosis, which was observed in pathological data, and immunoblotting results showed that the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and other proteins was regulated by CK. Furthermore, the release of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 in mice with AIH were lowered by the administration of 40 mg/kg of ginsenoside CK. Furthermore, ginsenoside CK elevated the gene expression of Nrf2 and Sirt1 and augmented downstream target genes such as HO-1. In addition, a significant inhibition effect of the TLR4/NF-κB signal was observed in 40 mg/kg CK-pretreated mice compared with the model group. To sum up, the results indicated that ginsenoside CK has a notable hepatoprotective effect against AIH by activating Sirt1/Nrf2 and suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenjiao Xue
- Shaanxi Institute of Microbiology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Xiying Road 76, Xi’an 710043, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (C.L.); (S.M.); (Q.Z.); (H.D.); (J.S.)
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11
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Omidkhoda N, Mahdiani S, Hayes AW, Karimi G. Natural compounds against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A review on the involvement of the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5769-5786. [PMID: 37748097 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Although various therapeutic approaches are used to manage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the best approach to NAFLD management is unclear. NAFLD is a liver disorder associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. NAFLD progression can lead to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Hepatic kinase B1 (LKB1) is an upstream kinase of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a crucial regulator in hepatic lipid metabolism. Activation of LKB1/AMPK inhibits fatty acid synthesis, increases mitochondrial β-oxidation, decreases the expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes, improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and suppresses NAFLD progression. One potential opening for new and safe chemicals that can tackle the NAFLD pathogenesis through the LKB1-AMPK pathway includes natural bioactive compounds. Accordingly, we summarized in vitro and in vivo studies regarding the effect of natural bioactive compounds such as a few members of the polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and some natural extracts on NAFLD through the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. This manuscript may shed light on the way to finding a new therapeutic agent for NAFLD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Omidkhoda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sina Mahdiani
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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12
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Zhong G, Wan G, Zhang Y, Zhao H, Wang L, Liang W. Nest desertion as an anti-parasitism strategy in hosts selects for late egg-laying behavior in cuckoos. iScience 2023; 26:108156. [PMID: 37965152 PMCID: PMC10641250 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that brood parasites lay their eggs early in the egg-laying sequence of their hosts, providing them with the advantage of earlier hatching. However, common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) appear to parasitize the nests of gray bushchat (Saxicola ferreus) during the late egg-laying stage. The bushchat often abandons parasitized nests in the early stages, but not in the late egg-laying stages, thus favoring late egg-laying by cuckoos. In this study, four experiments were conducted to determine whether gray bushchats employ a nest desertion strategy targeted at cuckoo parasitism. The results showed that nest desertion was significantly correlated with parasitism cues and occurred mainly during the hosts' early egg-laying stage. Our study provides the first experimental evidence that nest desertion is an anti-parasitic strategy used by hosts in response to cuckoos. Additionally, our experiments demonstrated that the nest desertion is influenced by the trade-offs of investments in different egg-laying stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Guixia Wan
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Huahua Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Longwu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
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13
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Ding L, Gao Z, Wu S, Chen C, Liu Y, Wang M, Zhang Y, Li L, Zou H, Zhao G, Qin S, Xu L. Ginsenoside compound-K attenuates OVX-induced osteoporosis via the suppression of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and oxidative stress. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:49. [PMID: 37940733 PMCID: PMC10632357 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP), a systemic and chronic bone disease, is distinguished by low bone mass and destruction of bone microarchitecture. Ginsenoside Compound-K (CK), one of the metabolites of ginsenoside Rb1, has anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and hypolipidemic activities. We have demonstrated CK could promote osteogenesis and fracture healing in our previous study. However, the contribution of CK to osteoporosis has not been examined. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CK on osteoclastogenesis and ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis. The results showed that CK inhibited receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity by inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, we also demonstrated that CK could inhibit bone resorption using bone marrow-derived macrophages. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CK attenuated bone loss by suppressing the activity of osteoclast and alleviating oxidative stress in vivo. Taken together, these results showed CK could inhibit osteoclastogenesis and prevent OVX-induced bone loss by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Ding
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Er Sha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siluo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yamei Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yage Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Engineering Laboratory for Nutrition, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Master Lab for Innovative Application of Nature Products, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shengnan Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Institute of Traumatic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Liangliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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14
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Chu Z, Hu Z, Luo Y, Zhou Y, Yang F, Luo F. Targeting gut-liver axis by dietary lignans ameliorate obesity: evidences and mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37870876 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2272269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
An imbalance between energy consumption and energy expenditure causes obesity. It is characterized by increased adipose accumulation and accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation. Many studies have suggested that the gut microbiota of the host mediates the relationship between high-fat diet consumption and the development of obesity. Diet and nutrition of the body are heavily influenced by gut microbiota. The alterations in the microbiota in the gut may have effects on the homeostasis of the host's energy levels, systemic inflammation, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. The liver is an important organ for fat metabolism and gut-liver axis play important role in the fat metabolism. Gut-liver axis is a bidirectional relationship between the gut and its microbiota and the liver. As essential plant components, lignans have been shown to have different biological functions. Accumulating evidences have suggested that lignans may have lipid-lowering properties. Lignans can regulate the level of the gut microbiota and their metabolites in the host, thereby affecting signaling pathways related to fat synthesis and metabolism. These signaling pathways can make a difference in inhibiting fat accumulation, accelerating energy metabolism, affecting appetite, and inhibiting chronic inflammation. It will provide the groundwork for future studies on the lipid-lowering impact of lignans and the creation of functional meals based on those findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Chu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zuomin Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Clinic Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Feiyan Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Feijun Luo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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15
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Yue C, Li D, Fan S, Tao F, Yu Y, Lu W, Chen Q, Yuan A, Wu J, Zhao G, Dong H, Hu Y. Long-term and liver-selected ginsenoside C-K nanoparticles retard NAFLD progression by restoring lipid homeostasis. Biomaterials 2023; 301:122291. [PMID: 37619263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent hepatic disease characterized as lipid accumulation, yet without any approved drug. And development of therapeutic molecules is obstructed by low efficiency and organ toxicity. Herein, we develop a long-term, low-toxic and liver-selected nano candidate, nabCK, to alleviate NAFLD. NabCK is simply composed by natural compound ginsenoside compound K (CK) and albumin. As a major metabolite of ginseng, ginsenoside CK has excellently modulating functions for lipid metabolism, but accompanied by an extremely poor bioavailability <1%. Albumin is a key lipid carrier secreted and metabolized by livers. Thereby, it can improve solubility and liver-localization of CK. In adipocytes and hepatocytes, nabCK prevents lipid deposition and eliminates lipid droplets. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that nabCK rectifies various pathways that involved in steatosis development, including lipid absorption, lipid export, fatty acid biosynthesis, lipid storage and inflammation. All these pathways are modulated by mTOR, the pivotal feedback sensor that is hyperactive in NAFLD. NabCK suppresses mTOR activation to restores lipid homeostasis. In high-fat diet (HFD) induced NAFLD mice, nabCK retards development of steatosis and fibrosis, coupling a protective effect on cardiac tissues from lipotoxicity. Together, nabCK is a safe and potent candidate to offer benefits for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing , 210093, China; Institute of Drug R&D, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dandan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing , 210093, China; Institute of Drug R&D, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shuxin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing , 210093, China; Institute of Drug R&D, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Feng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing , 210093, China; Institute of Drug R&D, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing , 210093, China; Institute of Drug R&D, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing , 210093, China; Institute of Drug R&D, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ahu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing , 210093, China; Institute of Drug R&D, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing , 210093, China; Institute of Drug R&D, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing , 210093, China; Institute of Drug R&D, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing , 210093, China; Institute of Drug R&D, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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16
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Xu Q, Tian W, He S, Zhou M, Gao Y, Liu X, Sun C, Ding R, Wang G, Chen H. Apocarotenoids from Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Vaucher regulate the lipid metabolism via the activation of the AMPK/ACC/SREBP-1c signaling pathway. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106639. [PMID: 37276680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen undescribed apocarotenoids (1-16), along with 22 known analogues, were isolated from the aerial parts of Equisetum debile. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by NMR, HRESIMS, X-ray diffraction analysis, the modified Mosher's method and the quantum-chemical calculation of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compounds 1-9, 11-12 are the first example of C16-apocarotenoids appeared in nature. The plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1-16 was proposed. Moreover, the isolates were evaluated for their lipid-lowering activity, and the results showed that 13, 14, 15, 22, 31, 32 and 33 could remarkably decrease the levels of both TC and TG in FFA induced HepG2 cells at 20 μM. The oil red staining assay further demonstrated the lipid-lowering effects of 13, 14 and 15. The western blot results indicated that compounds 13, 14 and 15 could regulate the lipid metabolism via the activation of the AMPK/ACC/SREBP-1c signaling pathway. A preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of the isolates indicated that the apocarotenoids with 6/5 ring system displayed more potent lipid-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiannan Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shoulun He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhong Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiling Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Ding
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Liu Y, Li D, Wang S, Peng Z, Tan Q, He Q, Wang J. 6-Gingerol Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice through Activating LKB1/AMPK Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076285. [PMID: 37047258 PMCID: PMC10094681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Gingerol, one of the major pharmacologically active ingredients extracted from ginger, has been reported experimentally to exert hepatic protection in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the molecular mechanism remains largely elusive. RNA sequencing indicated the significant involvement of the AMPK signaling pathway in 6-gingerol-induced alleviation of NAFLD in vivo. Given the significance of the LKB1/AMPK pathway in metabolic homeostasis, this study aims to investigate its role in 6-gingerol-induced mitigation on NAFLD. Our study showed that 6-gingerol ameliorated hepatic steatosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro. Further experiment validation suggested that 6-gingerol activated an LKB1/AMPK pathway cascade in vivo and in vitro. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that the 6-gingerol-elicited activation of an LKB1/AMPK pathway cascade was related to the enhanced stability of the LKB1/STRAD/MO25 complex. Furthermore, radicicol, an LKB1 destabilizer, inhibited the activating effect of 6-gingerol on an LKB1/AMPK pathway cascade via destabilizing LKB1/STRAD/MO25 complex stability in vitro, thus reversing the 6-gingerol-elicited ameliorative effect. In addition, molecular docking analysis further predicated the binding pockets of LKB1 necessary for binding with 6-gingerol. In conclusion, our results indicate that 6-gingerol plays an important role in regulating the stability of the LKB1/STRAD/MO25 complex and the activation of LKB1, which might weigh heavily in the 6-gingerol alleviation of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhe Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dong Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ze Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qifeng He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Cure of Metabolic Diseases, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Correspondence:
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18
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Lu B, Wang D, Xie D, Wu C, Sun M. 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol ameliorates MAFLD by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 940:175468. [PMID: 36566009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases and may develop into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma, which has threatened human health. Although NLRP3 inflammasome is widely recognized in the pathogenesis of MAFLD, there are currently no drugs targeting NLRP3 inflammasome approved by regulatory agencies. Panax ginseng and its main saponin components have been used to regulate inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Notably, 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) is an active metabolite of protopanaxatriol saponins with prominent anti-inflammatory activity. However, the mechanism by which PPT ameliorates MAFLD has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study explored the efficacy and mechanism of PPT in treating MAFLD based on the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. First, we screened potential NLRP3 inflammasome blockers from protopanaxadiol saponins in mouse primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated by LPS and different inflammasome inducers. Second, LPS-primed mouse BMDMs, mouse primary hepatocytes, mouse primary Kupffer cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated by cholesterol and ATP were used to evaluate the effect of PPT in inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. Finally, MCD-induced mouse MAFLD were established to verify the therapeutic effect of PPT by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome. Our results showed that PPT of ginseng saponins significantly inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in multiple primary cells, suppressed systemic inflammation, restored liver function, and attenuated liver inflammation as well as fibrosis in MCD--induced mouse MAFLD. Collectively, protopanaxatriol saponins metabolite PPT, may serve as a potent therapeutic agent for MAFLD by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Lu
- Shuguang Hospital, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Shuguang Hospital, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Dong Xie
- Shuguang Hospital, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- Shuguang Hospital, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Mingyu Sun
- Shuguang Hospital, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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19
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Yang K, Kim HH, Shim YR, Song MJ. The Efficacy of Panax ginseng for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030721. [PMID: 36771427 PMCID: PMC9919883 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tremendous research has reported the protective effects of natural compounds in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there is still no approved drug. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of Panax ginseng in NAFLD in preclinical studies. A total of 41 studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. The methodological quality was assessed by the risk of bias tool from the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation. The standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval was calculated, and the random effects model was used to examine overall efficacy or heterogeneity. The publication bias was analyzed by Egger's test. The results showed that Panax ginseng treatment significantly reduced the systemic levels of alanine aminotransferase (SMD: -2.15 IU/L; p < 0.0001), aspartate aminotransferase (SMD: -2.86 IU/L; p < 0.0001), triglyceride (SMD: -2.86 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), total cholesterol (SMD: -1.69 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), low-density lipoprotein (SMD: -1.46 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), and fasting glucose (SMD: -1.45 mg/dL; p < 0.0001) while increasing high-density lipoprotein (SMD: 1.22 mg/dL; p = 0.0002) in NAFLD regardless of animal models or species. These findings may suggest that Panax ginseng is a promising therapeutic agent for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keungmo Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Hoon Kim
- Life Science Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ri Shim
- Life Science Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Jun Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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20
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Ni B, Song X, Shi B, Wang J, Sun Q, Wang X, Xu M, Cao L, Zhu G, Li J. Research progress of ginseng in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1036498. [PMID: 36313365 PMCID: PMC9603756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the major causes of human death. Several anticancer drugs are available; howeve their use and efficacy are limited by the toxic side effects and drug resistance caused by their continuous application. Many natural products have antitumor effects with low toxicity and fewer adverse effects. Moreover, they play an important role in enhancing the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, reducing toxic side effects, and reversing chemoresistance. Consequently, natural drugs are being applied as potential therapeutic options in the field of antitumor treatment. As natural medicinal plants, some components of ginseng have been shown to have excellent efficacy and a good safety profile for cancer treatment. The pharmacological activities and possible mechanisms of action of ginseng have been identified. Its broad range of pharmacological activities includes antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-stress, anti-fibrotic, central nervous system modulating, cardioprotective, and immune-enhancing effects. Numerous studies have also shown that throuth multiple pathways, ginseng and its active ingredients exert antitumor effects on gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors, such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. Herein, we introduced the main components of ginseng, including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and sterols, etc., and reviewed the mechanism of action and research progress of ginseng in the treatment of various GI tumors. Futhermore, the pathways of action of the main components of ginseng are discussed in depth to promote the clinical development and application of ginseng in the field of anti-GI tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Ni
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Song
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Shi
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manman Xu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luchang Cao
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jie Li
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Li,
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21
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Zhao Y, Zhong X, Yan J, Sun C, Zhao X, Wang X. Potential roles of gut microbes in biotransformation of natural products: An overview. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:956378. [PMID: 36246222 PMCID: PMC9560768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.956378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been extensively applied in clinical practice, characterized by multi-component and multi-target, many pharmacodynamic substances, complex action mechanisms, and various physiological activities. For the oral administration of natural products, the gut microbiota and clinical efficacy are closely related, but this relationship remains unclear. Gut microbes play an important role in the transformation and utilization of natural products caused by the diversity of enzyme systems. Effective components such as flavonoids, alkaloids, lignans, and phenols cannot be metabolized directly through human digestive enzymes but can be transformed by enzymes produced by gut microorganisms and then utilized. Therefore, the focus is paid to the metabolism of natural products through the gut microbiota. In the present study, we systematically reviewed the studies about gut microbiota and their effect on the biotransformation of various components of natural products and highlighted the involved common bacteria, reaction types, pharmacological actions, and research methods. This study aims to provide theoretical support for the clinical application in the prevention and treatment of diseases and provide new ideas for studying natural products based on gut biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinqin Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junyuan Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Congying Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Zhao,
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Xiaoying Wang,
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