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Aili Q, Cui D, Li Y, Zhige W, Yongping W, Minfen Y, Dongbin L, Xiao R, Qiang W. Composing functional food from agro-forest wastes: Selectively extracting bioactive compounds using supercritical fluid extraction. Food Chem 2024; 455:139848. [PMID: 38823122 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) employing carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is an efficient method to extract bioactive compounds from agro-forest wastes. These compounds maintain and/or improve food nutrition, safety, freshness, taste, and health and are employed as natural functional food components. To highlight the potential of this technology, we focus on the following current advances: (I) parameters affecting solubility in SFE (pressure, temperature, SC-CO2 flow rate, extraction time, and co-solvents); (II) extraction spectra and yield obtained according to proportion and composition of co-solvents; (III) extract bioactivity for functional food production. Fatty acids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenoids, and low-polarity phenolic acids and triterpenoids were extracted using SFE without a co-solvent. High-polarity phenolic acids and flavonoids, tannins, carotenoids, and alkaloids were only extracted with the help of co-solvents. Using a co-solvent significantly improved the triterpenoid, flavonoid, and phenolic acid yield with a medium polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Aili
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Du Cui
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Wu Zhige
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Wu Yongping
- School of Electromechanical and Energy Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Yu Minfen
- Ningbo Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Ningbo Forest Farm, Ningbo 315440, PR China
| | - Li Dongbin
- Ningbo Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Ningbo Forest Farm, Ningbo 315440, PR China
| | - Ruan Xiao
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, PR China.
| | - Wang Qiang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, PR China.
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Mikšovsky P, Kornpointner C, Parandeh Z, Goessinger M, Bica-Schröder K, Halbwirth H. Enzyme-Assisted Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Flavonoids from Apple Pomace (Malus×domestica). CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301094. [PMID: 38084785 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein an enzyme-assisted supercritical fluid extraction (EA-SFE) was developed using the enzyme mix snailase to obtain flavonols and dihydrochalcones, subgroups of flavonoids, from globally abundant waste product apple pomace. Snailase, a commercially available mix of 20-30 enzymes, was successfully used to remove the sugar moieties from quercetin glycosides, kaempferol glycosides, phloridzin and 3-hydroxyphloridzin. The resulting flavonoid aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, phloretin and 3-hydroxyphloretin were extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and minimum amounts of polar cosolvents. A sequential process of enzymatic hydrolysis and supercritical fluid extraction was developed, and the influence of the amount of snailase, pre-treatment of apple pomace, the time for enzymatic hydrolysis, the amount and type of cosolvent and the time for extraction, was studied. This revealed that even small amounts of snailase (0.25 %) provide a successful cleavage of sugar moieties up to 96 % after 2 h of enzymatic hydrolysis followed by supercritical fluid extraction with small amounts of methanol as cosolvent, leading up to 90 % of the total extraction yields after 1 h extraction time. Ultimately, a simultaneous process of EA-SFE successfully demonstrates the potential of snailase in scalable scCO2 extraction processes for dry and wet apple pomace with satisfactory enzyme activity, even under pressurized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mikšovsky
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry (E163), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kornpointner
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (E166), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zahra Parandeh
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry (E163), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Goessinger
- Department of Fruit Processing, Federal College and Institute for Viticulture and Pomology, Wiener Strasse 74, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Katharina Bica-Schröder
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry (E163), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering (E166), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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de Aguiar AC, Vardanega R, Viganó J, Silva EK. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093849. [PMID: 37175258 PMCID: PMC10180460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction techniques meet all-new consumer market demands for health-promoting phytochemical compound-rich extracts produced from green and sustainable technology. In this regard, this review is dedicated to discussing is the promise of integrating high-pressure CO2 technologies into the Cannabis sativa L. processing chain to valorize its valuable pharmaceutical properties and food biomass. To do this, the cannabis plant, cannabinoids, and endocannabinoid system were reviewed to understand their therapeutic and side effects. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique was presented as a smart alternative to producing cannabis bioproducts. The impact of SFE operating conditions on cannabis compound extraction was examined for aerial parts (inflorescences, stems, and leaves), seeds, and byproducts. Furthermore, the opportunities of using non-thermal supercritical CO2 processing on cannabis biomass were addressed for industrial hemp valorization, focusing on its biorefinery to simultaneously produce cannabidiol and new ingredients for food applications as plant-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Aguiar
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Vardanega
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Juliane Viganó
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Eric Keven Silva
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
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Suárez-Jacobo Á, Díaz Pacheco A, Bonales-Alatorre E, Castillo-Herrera GA, García-Fajardo JA. Cannabis Extraction Technologies: Impact of Research and Value Addition in Latin America. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072895. [PMID: 37049659 PMCID: PMC10095677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cannabis genus of plants has been widely used in different cultures for various purposes. It is separated into three main species: sativa, indica, and ruderalis. In ancient practices, the plant was used as a multipurpose crop and valued for its fiber, food, and medicinal uses. Since methodologies for the extraction, processing, and identification of components have become available, medical, and food applications have been increasing, allowing potential development in the pharmaceutical and healthy functional food industries. Although the growing legalization and adoption of cannabis for the treatment of diseases are key factors pushing the growth of its market, the biggest challenge is to obtain higher-quality products in a time- and cost-effective fashion, making the process of extraction and separation an essential step. Latin American countries exhibit great knowledge of extraction technologies; nevertheless, it is still necessary to verify whether production costs are economically profitable. In addition, there has been an increase in commercial cannabis products that may or may not be allowed, with or without quality fact sheets, which can pose health risks. Hence, legalization is mandatory and urgent for the rest of Latin American countries. In this article, the phytochemical compounds (cannabinoids, terpenes, and phenolic compounds), the current status of legalization, extraction techniques, and research advances in cannabis in Latin America are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Suárez-Jacobo
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan 45019, Mexico
| | - Adrián Díaz Pacheco
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Campus Tlaxcala del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tlaxcala 90000, Mexico
| | - Edgar Bonales-Alatorre
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima 28045, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Castillo-Herrera
- Tecnología Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Zapopan 45019, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alberto García-Fajardo
- Subsede Noreste, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca 66628, Mexico
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Sainz Martinez A, Lanaridi O, Stagel K, Halbwirth H, Schnürch M, Bica-Schröder K. Extraction techniques for bioactive compounds of cannabis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:676-717. [PMID: 36625451 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Historically, cannabis has always constituted a component of the civilized world; archaeological discoveries indicate that it is one of the oldest crops, while, up until the 19th century, cannabis fibers were extensively used in a variety of applications, and its seeds comprised a part of human and livestock nutrition. Additional evidence supports its exploitation for medicinal purposes in the ancient world. The cultivation of cannabis gradually declined as hemp fibers gave way to synthetic fibers, while the intoxicating ability of THC eventually overshadowed the extensive potential of cannabis. Nevertheless, the proven value of certain non-intoxicating cannabinoids, such as CBD and CBN, has recently given rise to an entire market which promotes cannabis-based products. An increase in the research for recovery and exploitation of beneficial cannabinoids has also been observed, with more than 10 000 peer-reviewed research articles published annually. In the present review, a brief overview of the history of cannabis is given. A look into the classification approaches of cannabis plants/species as well as the associated nomenclature is provided, followed by a description of their chemical characteristics and their medically valuable components. The application areas could not be absent from the present review. Still, the main focus of the review is the discussion of work conducted in the field of extraction of valuable bioactive compounds from cannabis. We conclude with a summary of the current status and outlook on the topics that future research should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Sainz Martinez
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Olga Lanaridi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kristof Stagel
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna, Austria.
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Seifalian A, Kenyon J, Khullar V. Dysmenorrhoea: Can Medicinal Cannabis Bring New Hope for a Collective Group of Women Suffering in Pain, Globally? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416201. [PMID: 36555842 PMCID: PMC9780805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysmenorrhoea effects up to 90% of women of reproductive age, with medical management options including over-the-counter analgesia or hormonal contraception. There has been a recent surge in medicinal cannabis research and its analgesic properties. This paper aims to critically investigate the current research of medicinal cannabis for pain relief and to discuss its potential application to treat dysmenorrhoea. Relevant keywords, including medicinal cannabis, pain, cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabinol, dysmenorrhoea, and clinical trial, have been searched in the PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases and a clinical trial website (clinicaltrials.gov). To identify the relevant studies for this paper, 84 papers were reviewed and 20 were discarded as irrelevant. This review critically evaluated cannabis-based medicines and their mechanism and properties in relation to pain relief. It also tabulated all clinical trials carried out investigating medicinal cannabis for pain relief and highlighted the side effects. In addition, the safety and toxicology of medicinal cannabis and barriers to use are highlighted. Two-thirds of the clinical trials summarised confirmed positive analgesic outcomes, with major side effects reported as nausea, drowsiness, and dry mouth. In conclusion, medicinal cannabis has promising applications in the management of dysmenorrhoea. The global medical cannabis market size was valued at USD 11.0 billion in 2021 and is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21.06% from 2022 to 2030. This will encourage academic as well as the pharmaceutical and medical device industries to study the application of medical cannabis in unmet clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Seifalian
- Department of Urogynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-79-03556905
| | - Julian Kenyon
- The Dove Clinic for Integrated Medicine, Winchester SO21 1RG, UK
| | - Vik Khullar
- Department of Urogynaecology, St. Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK
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Thermodynamics and Transport Properties of CBD and Δ9-THC: A first attempt using Molecular Dynamics. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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