1
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Zhao D, Jiao Y, Zhang C, Xiao X. β-Galactosidase-triggered in situ synthesis of yellow emitting silicon nanoparticle and its application in visual detection of E. coli O157:H7 and drug susceptibility test. Food Chem 2024; 450:139331. [PMID: 38621310 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The sensitive detection of foodborne pathogenic and rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is of great significance. This paper reports the enzyme-triggered in situ synthesis of yellow emitting silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) and the detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 in food samples and the rapid AST. The rapid counting of E. coli O157:H7 has been achieved through direct visual observation, equipment detection, and smartphone digitalization. A simple detection platform based on smartphone senses and cotton swabs has been established. Meanwhile, rapid AST based on enzyme-catalyzed SiNPs can intuitively obtain colorimetric samples. This paper established a system for bacterial enzyme-triggered in situ synthesis of SiNPs, with high responsiveness, luminescence ratio, and specificity. The detection limit for E. coli O157:H7 can reach 100 CFU/mL during 5 h, and the recovery efficiency ranges from 90.14% to 110.16%, which makes it a promising strategy for the rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7 and AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Yan Jiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xincai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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2
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Cui HS, Wu ZR, Shi XY, Dong GQ, Ding SN, Bao N, Yu CM, Wu ZQ. CS/PVP Hydrogel-Based Nanocapillary for Monitoring Bacterial Growth and Rapid Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing. ACS Sens 2024. [PMID: 38908004 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Infection with drug-resistant bacteria poses a significant threat to human health. Judicious use of antibiotics could reduce the likelihood of bacterial resistance, which can be evaluated through antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). This paper focuses on the application of a needle-like nanocapillary tip filled with chitosan (CS)/polyethylene pyrrolidone (PVP) hydrogel based on its specific pH-sensitive properties. The gel-filled nanocapillary has the potential to be used for electrical pH detection with a sensitivity of 3.06 nA/pH and a linear range from 7.3 to 4.3. Such sensitivity for pH measurement could be extended for monitoring of bacterial (such as Escherichia coli and Streptococcus salivarius) growth because of the relationship between pH and bacterial growth. Bacterial growth curves obtained using the hydrogel-filled nanocapillary showed good agreement with the OD600 method. Moreover, this device could be applied for rapid AST for tetracycline and norfloxacin on E. coli with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 2 and 0.125 μg/mL, respectively. This study expands the application of the hydrogel-based nanocapillary for bacterial research by monitoring changes in pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Shan Cui
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Zhang-Rong Wu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Shi
- Nantong Stomatological Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Gang-Qiang Dong
- Amway (China) Botanical R&D Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214115, China
| | - Shou-Nian Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Ning Bao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Chun-Mei Yu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Zeng-Qiang Wu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
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3
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Leal-Alves C, Deng Z, Kermeci N, Shih SCC. Integrating microfluidics and synthetic biology: advancements and diverse applications across organisms. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2834-2860. [PMID: 38712893 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01090b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is the design and modification of biological systems for specific functions, integrating several disciplines like engineering, genetics, and computer science. The field of synthetic biology is to understand biological processes within host organisms through the manipulation and regulation of their genetic pathways and the addition of biocontrol circuits to enhance their production capabilities. This pursuit serves to address global challenges spanning diverse domains that are difficult to tackle through conventional routes of production. Despite its impact, achieving precise, dynamic, and high-throughput manipulation of biological processes is still challenging. Microfluidics offers a solution to those challenges, enabling controlled fluid handling at the microscale, offering lower reagent consumption, faster analysis of biochemical reactions, automation, and high throughput screening. In this review, we diverge from conventional focus on automating the synthetic biology design-build-test-learn cycle, and instead, focus on microfluidic platforms and their role in advancing synthetic biology through its integration with host organisms - bacterial cells, yeast, fungi, animal cells - and cell-free systems. The review illustrates how microfluidic devices have been instrumental in understanding biological systems by showcasing microfluidics as an essential tool to create synthetic genetic circuits, pathways, and organisms within controlled environments. In conclusion, we show how microfluidics expedite synthetic biology applications across diverse domains including but not limited to personalized medicine, bioenergy, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Leal-Alves
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC, H4B1R6 Canada.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1515 Ste-Catherine St. W, Montréal, QC, H3G1M8 Canada
| | - Zhiyang Deng
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC, H4B1R6 Canada.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1515 Ste-Catherine St. W, Montréal, QC, H3G1M8 Canada
| | - Natalia Kermeci
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC, H4B1R6 Canada.
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC, H4B1R6 Canada
| | - Steve C C Shih
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC, H4B1R6 Canada.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1515 Ste-Catherine St. W, Montréal, QC, H3G1M8 Canada
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montréal, QC, H4B1R6 Canada
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4
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Wu W, Mu Y. Microfluidic technologies for advanced antimicrobial susceptibility testing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:031504. [PMID: 38855477 PMCID: PMC11162290 DOI: 10.1063/5.0190112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is getting serious and becoming a threat to public health worldwide. The improper and excessive use of antibiotics is responsible for this situation. The standard methods used in clinical laboratories, to diagnose bacterial infections, identify pathogens, and determine susceptibility profiles, are time-consuming and labor-intensive, leaving the empirical antimicrobial therapy as the only option for the first treatment. To prevent the situation from getting worse, evidence-based therapy should be given. The choosing of effective drugs requires powerful diagnostic tools to provide comprehensive information on infections. Recent progress in microfluidics is pushing infection diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) to be faster and easier. This review summarizes the recent development in microfluidic assays for rapid identification and AST in bacterial infections. Finally, we discuss the perspective of microfluidic-AST to develop the next-generation infection diagnosis technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Mu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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5
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Lehnert T, Gijs MAM. Microfluidic systems for infectious disease diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1441-1493. [PMID: 38372324 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms, encompassing both uni- and multicellular entities, exhibit remarkable diversity as omnipresent life forms in nature. They play a pivotal role by supplying essential components for sustaining biological processes across diverse ecosystems, including higher host organisms. The complex interactions within the human gut microbiota are crucial for metabolic functions, immune responses, and biochemical signalling, particularly through the gut-brain axis. Viruses also play important roles in biological processes, for example by increasing genetic diversity through horizontal gene transfer when replicating inside living cells. On the other hand, infection of the human body by microbiological agents may lead to severe physiological disorders and diseases. Infectious diseases pose a significant burden on global healthcare systems, characterized by substantial variations in the epidemiological landscape. Fast spreading antibiotic resistance or uncontrolled outbreaks of communicable diseases are major challenges at present. Furthermore, delivering field-proven point-of-care diagnostic tools to the most severely affected populations in low-resource settings is particularly important and challenging. New paradigms and technological approaches enabling rapid and informed disease management need to be implemented. In this respect, infectious disease diagnostics taking advantage of microfluidic systems combined with integrated biosensor-based pathogen detection offers a host of innovative and promising solutions. In this review, we aim to outline recent activities and progress in the development of microfluidic diagnostic tools. Our literature research mainly covers the last 5 years. We will follow a classification scheme based on the human body systems primarily involved at the clinical level or on specific pathogen transmission modes. Important diseases, such as tuberculosis and malaria, will be addressed more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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6
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David S, Cârtoc RE, Petcu IC, Polonschii C, Petran A, Turcu R, Bratu D, Gheorghiu M, Gheorghiu E. In situ detection and viability assessment of target microorganisms. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 245:115821. [PMID: 37984319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection and viability assessment of pathogenic microorganisms, without the need for pre-enrichment steps, is critical in clinical microbiology, food safety, environmental quality assessment, and biosecurity. We demonstrate a powerful analytical concept and the related platform that enable in situ rapid detection, separation, sensitive quantification, and viability assessment of targeted microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) from minimally processed samples. This is based on a novel integration of magneto-affine selection and electrical impedance assay. The entire process, from capture to measurement, is executed using controlled magnetic fields to manipulate magnetic particles (MPs)-microbe affinity-based clusters, in a compact, portable setup equipped with cost-effective, single-use chambers. The system was tested for non-invasive in situ evaluation of model bacteria (Escherichia coli) and fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) within clinically relevant concentration ranges, and it was demonstrated amenable for both commercial and custom MPs, proving its high versatility. The high capture efficiency, the ability to provide analytic results within 30 min directly from unprocessed samples (buffer and synthetic urine), and the high sensitivity in distinguishing live and dead cells in dynamic exposures represent significant advancements over existing assays and recommend the system as a screening tool for pathogen presence and antimicrobial susceptibility in clinical and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin David
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor Nr. 1B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca-Elena Cârtoc
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor Nr. 1B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela-Cristina Petcu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor Nr. 1B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania; University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței 313, 060042, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Polonschii
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor Nr. 1B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Petran
- National Institute R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, 400293, Romania
| | - Rodica Turcu
- National Institute R&D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Cluj-Napoca, 400293, Romania
| | - Dumitru Bratu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor Nr. 1B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gheorghiu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor Nr. 1B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugen Gheorghiu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, Intrarea Portocalelor Nr. 1B, 060101, Bucharest, Romania; Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095, Bucharest, Romania.
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7
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Chen J, Zhong J, Chang Y, Zhou Y, Koo SH, Tan TY, Lei H, Ai Y. Rapid and Accurate Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Using Label-Free Electrical Impedance-Based Microfluidic Platform. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2303352. [PMID: 37794624 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a serious threat to the global public health. Accurate and rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) allows evidence-based prescribing of antibiotics to improve patient care and clinical outcomes. Current culture-based AST assays are inherently limited by the doubling time of bacterial reproduction, which require at least 24 h to have a decisive result. Herein, a label-free electrical impedance-based microfluidic platform designed to expedite and streamline AST procedure for clinical practice is presented. Following a 30-min exposure of bacterial samples to antibiotics, the presented high-throughput, single-bacterium level impedance characterization platform enables a rapid 2-min AST assay. The platform facilitates accurate analysis of individual bacterial viability, as indicated by changes in electrical characteristics, thereby enabling the determination of antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, the potential clinical applicability of this platform is demonstrated by testing different E. coli strains against five antibiotics, yielding 100% categorical agreements compared to standard culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianwei Zhong
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Yifu Chang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yinning Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Seok Hwee Koo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, 529889, Singapore
| | - Thean Yen Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, 529889, Singapore
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
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8
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Wei S, Tang Q, Hu X, Ouyang W, Shao H, Li J, Yan H, Chen Y, Liu L. Rapid, Ultrasensitive, and Visual Detection of Pathogens Based on Cation Dye-Triggered Gold Nanoparticle Electrokinetic Agglutination Analysis. ACS Sens 2024; 9:325-336. [PMID: 38214583 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Rapid prescribing of the right antibiotic is the key to treat infectious diseases and decelerate the challenge of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Herein, by targeting the 16S rRNA of bacteria, we developed a cation dye-triggered electrokinetic gold nanoparticle (AuNP) agglutination (CD-TEAA) method, which is rapid, visual, ultrasensitive, culture-independent, and low in cost. The limit of detection (LOD) is as low as 1 CFU mL-1 Escherichia coli. The infection identifications of aseptic fluid samples (n = 11) and urine samples with a clinically suspected urinary tract infection (UTI, n = 78) were accomplished within 50 and 30 min for each sample, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of UTI urine samples was achieved within 2.5 h. In ROC analysis of urine, the sensitivity and specificity were 100 and 96% for infection identification, and 100 and 98% for AST, respectively. Moreover, the overall cost of materials for each test is about US$0.69. Therefore, the CD-TEAA method is a superior approach to existing, time-consuming, and expensive methods, especially in less developed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wei
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qing Tang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiumei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Huaze Shao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jincheng Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong Yan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yue Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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9
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Yang C, Gan X, Zeng Y, Xu Z, Xu L, Hu C, Ma H, Chai B, Hu S, Chai Y. Advanced design and applications of digital microfluidics in biomedical fields: An update of recent progress. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 242:115723. [PMID: 37832347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Significant breakthroughs have been made in digital microfluidic (DMF)-based technologies over the past decades. DMF technology has attracted great interest in bioassays depending on automatic microscale liquid manipulations and complicated multi-step processing. In this review, the recent advances of DMF platforms in the biomedical field were summarized, focusing on the integrated design and applications of the DMF system. Firstly, the electrowetting-on-dielectric principle, fabrication of DMF chips, and commercialization of the DMF system were elaborated. Then, the updated droplets and magnetic beads manipulation strategies with DMF were explored. DMF-based biomedical applications were comprehensively discussed, including automated sample preparation strategies, immunoassays, molecular diagnosis, blood processing/testing, and microbe analysis. Emerging applications such as enzyme activity assessment and DNA storage were also explored. The performance of each bioassay was compared and discussed, providing insight into the novel design and applications of the DMF technology. Finally, the advantages, challenges, and future trends of DMF systems were systematically summarized, demonstrating new perspectives on the extensive applications of DMF in basic research and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiangyu Gan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yuping Zeng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zhourui Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Longqian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.
| | - Chenxuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.
| | - Hanbin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China; Guangdong ACXEL Micro & Nano Tech Co., Ltd, Foshan, China.
| | - Bao Chai
- Department of Dermatology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China; Department of Dermatology, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Siyi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yujuan Chai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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Wu W, Cai G, Liu Y, Suo Y, Zhang B, Jin W, Yu Y, Mu Y. Direct single-cell antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Escherichia coli in urine using a ready-to-use 3D microwell array chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2399-2410. [PMID: 36806255 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01095j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Empirical antibiotic therapies are prescribed for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to the long turnaround time of conventional antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), leading to the prevalence of multi-drug resistant pathogens. We present a ready-to-use 3D microwell array chip to directly conduct comprehensive AST of pathogenic agents in urine at the single-cell level. The developed device features a highly integrated 3D microwell array, offering a dynamic range from 102 to 107 CFU mL-1, and a capillary valve-based flow distributor for flow equidistribution in dispensing channels and uniform sample distribution. The chip with pre-loaded reagents and negative pressure inside only requires the user to initiate AST by loading samples (∼3 s) and can work independently. We demonstrate an accessible sample-to-result workflow, including syringe filter-based bacteria separation and rapid single-cell AST on chip, which enables us to bypass the time-consuming bacteria isolation and pre-culture, speeding up the AST in ∼3 h from 2 days of conventional methods. Moreover, the bacterial concentration and AST with minimum inhibitory concentrations can be assessed simultaneously to provide comprehensive information on infections. With further development for multiple antibiotic conditions, the Dsc-AST assay could contribute to timely prescription of targeted drugs for better patient outcomes and mitigation of the threat of drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Wu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Gaozhe Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102401, China
| | - Yuanjie Suo
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Boran Zhang
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Huzhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Huzhou 313002, China
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Ying Mu
- Research Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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11
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Peng J, Chan C, Zhang S, Sklavounos AA, Olson ME, Scott EY, Hu Y, Rajesh V, Li BB, Chamberlain MD, Zhang S, Peng H, Wheeler AR. All-in-One digital microfluidics pipeline for proteomic sample preparation and analysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2887-2900. [PMID: 36937585 PMCID: PMC10016607 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00560g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly sensitive and reproducible analysis of samples containing low amounts of protein is restricted by sample loss and the introduction of contaminants during processing. Here, we report an All-in-One digital microfluidic (DMF) pipeline for proteomic sample reduction, alkylation, digestion, isotopic labeling and analysis. The system features end-to-end automation, with integrated thermal control for digestion, optimized droplet additives for sample manipulation and analysis, and an automated interface to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Dimethyl labeling was integrated into the pipeline to allow for relative quantification of the trace samples at the nanogram level, and the new pipeline was applied to evaluating cancer cell lines and cancer tissue samples. Several known proteins (including HSP90AB1, HSPB1, LDHA, ENO1, PGK1, KRT18, and AKR1C2) and pathways were observed between model breast cancer cell lines related to hormone response, cell metabolism, and cell morphology. Furthermore, differentially quantified proteins (such as PGS2, UGDH, ASPN, LUM, COEA1, and PRELP) were found in comparisons of healthy and cancer breast tissues, suggesting potential utility of the All-in-One pipeline for the emerging application of proteomic cancer sub-typing. In sum, the All-in-One pipeline represents a powerful new tool for automated proteome processing and analysis, with the potential to be useful for evaluating mass-limited samples for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada +1-416-946-3865 +1-416-946-3866
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto 160 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto 164 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
| | - Calvin Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada +1-416-946-3865 +1-416-946-3866
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada +1-416-946-3865 +1-416-946-3866
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Alexandros A Sklavounos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada +1-416-946-3865 +1-416-946-3866
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto 160 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Maxwell E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada +1-416-946-3865 +1-416-946-3866
| | - Erica Y Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada +1-416-946-3865 +1-416-946-3866
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto 160 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto 164 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
| | - Yechen Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada +1-416-946-3865 +1-416-946-3866
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto 160 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto 164 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
| | - Vigneshwar Rajesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada +1-416-946-3865 +1-416-946-3866
| | - Bingyu B Li
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto 160 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto 164 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
| | - M Dean Chamberlain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada +1-416-946-3865 +1-416-946-3866
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto 160 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto 164 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
- Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, University of Saskatchewan 107 Wiggins Road Saskatoon SK S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Shen Zhang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital 600 University Avenue Toronto ON M5G 1X5 Canada
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada +1-416-946-3865 +1-416-946-3866
- School of Environment, University of Toronto 33 Willcocks Street Toronto ON M5S 3E8 Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto 80 St. George Street Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada +1-416-946-3865 +1-416-946-3866
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto 160 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto 164 College Street Toronto ON M5S 3G9 Canada
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12
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Ho M, Au A, Flick R, Vuong TV, Sklavounos AA, Swyer I, Yip CM, Wheeler AR. Antifouling Properties of Pluronic and Tetronic Surfactants in Digital Microfluidics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6326-6337. [PMID: 36696478 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fouling at liquid-solid interfaces is a pernicious problem for a wide range of applications, including those that are implemented by digital microfluidics (DMF). There are several strategies that have been used to combat surface fouling in DMF, the most common being inclusion of amphiphilic surfactant additives in the droplets to be manipulated. Initial studies relied on Pluronic additives, and more recently, Tetronic additives have been used, which has allowed manipulation of complex samples like serum and whole blood. Here, we report our evaluation of 19 different Pluronic and Tetronic additives, with attempts to determine (1) the difference in antifouling performance between the two families, (2) the structural similarities that predict exceptional antifouling performance, and (3) the mechanism of the antifouling behavior. Our analysis shows that both Pluronic and Tetronic additives with modest molar mass, poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) ≥50 units, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) mass percentage ≤50%, and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) ca. 13-15 allow for exceptional antifouling performance in DMF. The most promising candidates, P104, P105, and T904, were able to support continuous movement of droplets of serum for more than 2 h, a result (for devices operating in air) previously thought to be out of reach for this technique. Additional results generated using device longevity assays, intrinsic fluorescence measurements, dynamic light scattering, asymmetric flow field flow fractionation, supercritical angle fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and quartz crystal microbalance measurements suggest that the best-performing surfactants are more likely to operate by forming a protective layer at the liquid-solid interface than by complexation with proteins. We propose that these results and their implications are an important step forward for the growing community of users of this technique, which may provide guidance in selecting surfactants for manipulating biological matrices for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Aaron Au
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Thu V Vuong
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alexandros A Sklavounos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ian Swyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Christopher M Yip
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80. St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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13
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Nemr CR, Sklavounos AA, Wheeler AR, Kelley SO. Digital microfluidics as an emerging tool for bacterial protocols. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:2-15. [PMID: 36323389 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are widely studied in various research areas, including synthetic biology, sequencing and diagnostic testing. Protocols involving bacteria are often multistep, cumbersome and require access to a long list of instruments to perform experiments. In order to streamline these processes, the fluid handling technique digital microfluidics (DMF) has provided a miniaturized platform to perform various steps of bacterial protocols from sample preparation to analysis. DMF devices can be paired/interfaced with instrumentation such as microscopes, plate readers, and incubators, demonstrating their versatility with existing research tools. Alternatively, DMF instruments can be integrated into all-in-one packages with on-chip magnetic separation for sample preparation, heating/cooling modules to perform assay steps and cameras for absorbance and/or fluorescence measurements. This perspective outlines the beneficial features DMF offers to bacterial protocols, highlights limitations of current work and proposes future directions for this tool's expansion in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine R Nemr
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Alexandros A Sklavounos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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14
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Dos-Reis-Delgado AA, Carmona-Dominguez A, Sosa-Avalos G, Jimenez-Saaib IH, Villegas-Cantu KE, Gallo-Villanueva RC, Perez-Gonzalez VH. Recent advances and challenges in temperature monitoring and control in microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:268-297. [PMID: 36205631 PMCID: PMC10092670 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Temperature is a critical-yet sometimes overlooked-parameter in microfluidics. Microfluidic devices can experience heating inside their channels during operation due to underlying physicochemical phenomena occurring therein. Such heating, whether required or not, must be monitored to ensure adequate device operation. Therefore, different techniques have been developed to measure and control temperature in microfluidic devices. In this contribution, the operating principles and applications of these techniques are reviewed. Temperature-monitoring instruments revised herein include thermocouples, thermistors, and custom-built temperature sensors. Of these, thermocouples exhibit the widest operating range; thermistors feature the highest accuracy; and custom-built temperature sensors demonstrate the best transduction. On the other hand, temperature control methods can be classified as external- or integrated-methods. Within the external methods, microheaters are shown to be the most adequate when working with biological samples, whereas Peltier elements are most useful in applications that require the development of temperature gradients. In contrast, integrated methods are based on chemical and physical properties, structural arrangements, which are characterized by their low fabrication cost and a wide range of applications. The potential integration of these platforms with the Internet of Things technology is discussed as a potential new trend in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerardo Sosa-Avalos
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
| | - Ivan H Jimenez-Saaib
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
| | - Karen E Villegas-Cantu
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
| | | | - Víctor H Perez-Gonzalez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo, León, Mexico
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15
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Recent advances of integrated microfluidic systems for fungal and bacterial analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Li X, Liu X, Yu Z, Luo Y, Hu Q, Xu Z, Dai J, Wu N, Shen F. Combinatorial screening SlipChip for rapid phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3952-3960. [PMID: 36106408 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00661h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by bacteria is a serious global threat, and a rapid, high-throughput, and easy-to-use phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) method is essential for making timely treatment decisions and controlling the spread of antibiotic resistant micro-organisms. Traditional culture-based methods are time-consuming, and their capability to screen against a large number of different conditions is limited; meanwhile genotypic based methods, including sequencing and PCR based methods, are constrained by rarely identified resistance genes and complicated resistance mechanisms. Here, a combinatorial-screening SlipChip (cs-SlipChip) containing 192 nanoliter-sized compartments is developed which can perform high-throughput phenotypic AST within three hours by monitoring the bacterial growth within nanoliter-sized droplets with bright-field imaging and analyzing the changes in bacterial number and morphology. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 against four antibiotics (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and nitrofurantoin) can be measured in one chip within 3 hours. Furthermore, five antibiotic-resistant E. coli strains were isolated from patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections (UTIs), and an individual isolate was tested using four antibiotics and eleven antibiotic combinations simultaneously with three different concentrations of each. The results from the cs-SlipChip agree with those of a VITEK 2 automated system. This cs-SlipChip provides a practical high-throughput and rapid phenotypic method for AST and can also be used to screen different chemicals and antibiotic combinations for the treatment of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ziqing Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yang Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qixin Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenye Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jia Dai
- Shanghai Institute of Phage, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Nannan Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Phage, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- CreatiPhage Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Postek W, Pacocha N, Garstecki P. Microfluidics for antibiotic susceptibility testing. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3637-3662. [PMID: 36069631 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00394e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance is a threat to global health. Rapid and comprehensive analysis of infectious strains is critical to reducing the global use of antibiotics, as informed antibiotic use could slow down the emergence of resistant strains worldwide. Multiple platforms for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) have been developed with the use of microfluidic solutions. Here we describe microfluidic systems that have been proposed to aid AST. We identify the key contributions in overcoming outstanding challenges associated with the required degree of multiplexing, reduction of detection time, scalability, ease of use, and capacity for commercialization. We introduce the reader to microfluidics in general, and we analyze the challenges and opportunities related to the field of microfluidic AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Postek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Merkin Building, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Natalia Pacocha
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Piotr Garstecki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland.
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18
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Song ZR, Zeng J, Zhou JL, Yan BY, Gu Z, Wang HF. Optimization of Electrode Patterns for an ITO-Based Digital Microfluidic through the Finite Element Simulation. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1563. [PMID: 36295916 PMCID: PMC9611684 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO)-based digital microfluidics (DMF) with unique optical and electrical properties are promising in the development of integrated, automatic and portable analytical systems. The fabrication technique using laser direct etching (LDE) on ITO glass has the advantages of being rapid, low cost and convenient. However, the fabrication resolution of LDE limits the minimum line width for patterns on ITO glasses, leading to a related wider lead wire for the actuating electrodes of DMF compared with photolithography. Therefore, the lead wire of electrodes could affect the droplet motion on the digital microfluidic chip due to the increased contact line with the droplet. Herein, we developed a finite element model of a DMF with improved efficiency to investigate the effect of the lead wire. An optimized electrode pattern was then designed based on a theoretical analysis and validated by a simulation, which significantly decreased the deformation of the droplets down to 0.012 mm. The performance of the optimized electrode was also verified in an experiment. The proposed simulation method could be further extended to other DMF systems or applications to provide an efficient approach for the design and optimization of DMF chips.
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19
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Liu X, Li X, Wu N, Luo Y, Zhang J, Yu Z, Shen F. Formation and Parallel Manipulation of Gradient Droplets on a Self-Partitioning SlipChip for Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1977-1984. [PMID: 35815869 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flexible, robust, and user-friendly screening systems with a large dynamic range are highly desired in scientific research, industrial development, and clinical diagnostics. Droplet-based microfluidic systems with gradient concentrations of chemicals have been demonstrated as promising tools to provide confined microenvironments for screening tests with small reaction volumes. However, the generation and manipulation of gradient droplets, such as droplet merging, generally require sophisticated fluidic manipulation systems, potentially limiting their application in decentralized settings. We present a gradient-droplet SlipChip (gd-SlipChip) microfluidic device that enables instrument-free gradient droplet formation and parallel manipulation. The device can establish a gradient profile by free interfacial diffusion in a continuous fluidic channel. With a simple slipping step, gradient droplets can be generated by a surface tension-driven self-partitioning process. Additional reagents can be introduced in parallel to these gradient droplets with further slipping operations to initiate screening tests of the droplets over a large concentration range. To profile the concentration in the gradient droplets, we establish a numerical simulation model and verify it with hydrogen chloride (HCl) diffusion, as tested with a dual-color pH indicator (methyl orange and aniline blue). As a proof of concept, we tested this system with a gradient concentration of nitrofurantoin for the phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Escherichia coli. The results of our gd-SlipChip-based AST on both reference and clinical strains of E. coli can be indicated by the bacterial growth profile within 3 h and are consistent with the clinical culture-based AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Nannan Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Phage, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yang Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ziqing Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Feng Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
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20
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Rackus DG, Jusková P, Yokoyama F, Dittrich PS. Parallel study of transient dosing of antibiotics in a microfluidic device. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:044105. [PMID: 35935120 PMCID: PMC9348895 DOI: 10.1063/5.0091704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic tools are well suited for studying bacteria as they enable the analysis of small colonies or single cells. However, current techniques for studying bacterial response to antibiotics are largely limited to static dosing. Here, we describe a microfluidic device and a method for entrapping and cultivating bacteria in hydrogel plugs. Ring-shaped isolation valves are used to define the shape of the plugs and also to control exposure of the plugs to the surrounding medium. We demonstrate bacterial cultivation, determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of an antibiotic, and transient dosing of an antibiotic at sub-1-h doses. The transient dosing experiments reveal that at dose durations on the order of minutes, ampicillin's bactericidal effect has both a time and concentration dependency.
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21
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Narahari T, Dahmer J, Sklavounos A, Kim T, Satkauskas M, Clotea I, Ho M, Lamanna J, Dixon C, Rackus DG, Silva SJRD, Pena L, Pardee K, Wheeler AR. Portable sample processing for molecular assays: application to Zika virus diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1748-1763. [PMID: 35357372 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a digital microfluidic (DMF) platform for portable, automated, and integrated Zika viral RNA extraction and amplification. The platform features reconfigurable DMF cartridges offering a closed, humidified environment for sample processing at elevated temperatures, as well as programmable control instrumentation with a novel thermal cycling unit regulated using a proportional integral derivative (PID) feedback loop. The system operates on 12 V DC power, which can be supplied by rechargeable battery packs for remote testing. The DMF system was optimized for an RNA processing pipeline consisting of the following steps: 1) magnetic-bead based RNA extraction from lysed plasma samples, 2) RNA clean-up, and 3) integrated, isothermal amplification of Zika RNA. The DMF pipeline was coupled to a paper-based, colorimetric cell-free protein expression assay for amplified Zika RNA mediated by toehold switch-based sensors. Blinded laboratory evaluation of Zika RNA spiked in human plasma yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 75% respectively. The platform was then transported to Recife, Brazil for evaluation with infectious Zika viruses, which were detected at the 100 PFU mL-1 level from a 5 μL sample (equivalent to an RT-qPCR cycle threshold value of 32.0), demonstrating its potential as a sample processing platform for miniaturized diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Narahari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Joshua Dahmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Alexandros Sklavounos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Taehyeong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Monika Satkauskas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Ioana Clotea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Man Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Julian Lamanna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Christopher Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Darius G Rackus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Severino Jefferson Ribeiro da Silva
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ Pernambuco), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP 50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ Pernambuco), Av. Professor Moraes Rego, s/n - Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, CEP 50.740-465, Brazil
| | - Keith Pardee
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E1, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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22
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Ma Z, Xu M, Zhou S, Shan W, Zhou D, Yan Y, Sun W, Liu Y. Ultra-low sample consumption consecutive-detection method for biochemical molecules based on a whispering gallery mode with a liquid crystal microdroplet. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:381-384. [PMID: 35030611 DOI: 10.1364/ol.449778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-low sample consumption detection has many applications in molecular biology, bioanalytical chemistry, and medical science. In this Letter, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, simple type of ultra-low sample consumption detection method based on a whispering gallery mode is proposed as a means to realize consecutive detection with a liquid crystal (LC) microdroplet for biochemical molecule detection, using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as a model biomarker. The sensor consists of a 105-µm-core multimode fiber fused with a hollow capillary tube, with the LC microdroplet suspended stably in the testing solution. Its application to the detection of salmon sperm DNA yielded an adjustable measurement range of 3.75-11.25 μg/ml and a sensitivity of 0.33 nm/µg/ml. The test solution required as little as 3 nl of the sample, and the limit of detection was 1.32 µg/ml, which corresponds to the effective detection of as little as 3.96 pg of DNA. This method has great potential for application in the ultra-low sample consumption detection of biochemical molecules.
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Colorimetric Sensing with Gold Nanoparticles on Electrowetting-Based Digital Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111423. [PMID: 34832834 PMCID: PMC8621347 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Digital microfluidic (DMF) has been a unique tool for manipulating micro-droplets with high flexibility and accuracy. To extend the application of DMF for automatic and in-site detection, it is promising to introduce colorimetric sensing based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which have advantages including high sensitivity, label-free, biocompatibility, and easy surface modification. However, there is still a lack of studies for investigating the movement and stability of AuNPs for in-site detection on the electrowetting-based digital microfluidics. Herein, to demonstrate the ability of DMF for colorimetric sensing with AuNPs, we investigated the electrowetting property of the AuNPs droplets on the hydrophobic interface of the DMF chip and examined the stability of the AuNPs on DMF as well as the influence of evaporation to the colorimetric sensing. As a result, we found that the electrowetting of AuNPs fits to a modified Young–Lippmann equation, which suggests that a higher voltage is required to actuate AuNPs droplets compared with actuating water droplets. Moreover, the stability of AuNPs was maintained during the processing of electrowetting. We also proved that the evaporation of droplets has a limited influence on the detections that last several minutes. Finally, a model experiment for the detection of Hg2+ was carried out with similar results to the detections in bulk solution. The proposed method can be further extended to a wide range of AuNPs-based detection for label-free, automatic, and low-cost detection of small molecules, biomarkers, and metal ions.
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