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Roesch A, Windisch R, Wichmann C, Wolkers WF, Kersten G, Menzen T. Osmotic properties of T cells determined by flow imaging microscopy in comparison to electrical sensing zone analysis. Cryobiology 2023; 113:104587. [PMID: 37783264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
To develop cryopreservation methods for cell-based medicinal products it is important to understand osmotic responses of cells upon immersion into solutions with cryoprotective agents (CPAs) and during freezing. The aim of this study was to assess the osmotic response of T cells by using flow imaging microscopy (FIM) as a novel cell-sizing technique, and to corroborate the findings with electrical impedance measurements conducted on a Coulter counter. Jurkat cells were used as a potential model cell line for primary T cells. Cell volume responses were used to derive important cell parameters for cryopreservation such as the osmotically inactive cell volume Vb and the membrane permeability towards water and various CPAs. Unlike Coulter counter measurement, FIM, combined with Trypan blue staining can differentiate between viable and dead cells, which yields a more accurate estimation of Vb. Membrane permeabilities to water, dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) and glycerol were measured for Jurkat cells at different temperatures. The permeation of Me2SO into the cells was faster in comparison to glycerol. CPA permeation decreased with decreasing temperature following Arrhenius behavior. Moreover, membrane permeability to water decreased in the presence of CPAs. Vb of Jurkat cells was found to be 49% of the isotonic volume and comparable to that of primary T cells. FIM proved to be a valuable tool to determine the membrane permeability parameters of mammalian cells to water and cryoprotective agents, which in turn can be used to rationally design CPA loading procedures for cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Roesch
- Coriolis Pharma, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152, Martinsried, Germany; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Roland Windisch
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Wichmann
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Willem F Wolkers
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine - Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Biostabilization Laboratory - Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gideon Kersten
- Coriolis Pharma, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152, Martinsried, Germany; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
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Thurgood P, Needham S, Pirogova E, Peter K, Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K. Dynamic Vortex Generation, Pulsed Injection, and Rapid Mixing of Blood Samples in Microfluidics Using the Tube Oscillation Mechanism. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3089-3097. [PMID: 36692453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe the generation of dynamic vortices in micro-scale cavities at low flow rates. The system utilizes a computer-controlled audio speaker to axially oscillate the inlet tube of the microfluidic system at desired frequencies and amplitudes. The oscillation of the tube induces transiently high flow rates in the system, which facilitates the generation of dynamic vortices inside the cavity. The size of the vortices can be modulated by varying the tube oscillation frequency or amplitude. The vortices can be generated in single or serial cavities and in a wide range of cavity sizes. We demonstrate the suitability of the tube oscillation mechanism for the pulsed injection of water-based solutions or whole blood into the cavity. The injection rate can be controlled by the oscillation characteristics of the tube, enabling the injection of liquids at ultralow flow rates. The dynamic vortices facilitate the rapid mixing of the injected liquid with the main flow. The controllability and versatility of this technology allow for the development of programmable inertial microfluidic systems for performing multistep biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria3001, Australia
| | - Scott Needham
- Leading Technology Group, Camberwell, Victoria3124, Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria3001, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria3004, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria3052, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria3082, Australia
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Thurgood P, Chheang C, Needham S, Pirogova E, Peter K, Baratchi S, Khoshmanesh K. Generation of dynamic vortices in a microfluidic system incorporating stenosis barrier by tube oscillation. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1917-1928. [PMID: 35420623 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00135g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems incorporating sudden expansions are widely used for generation of vortex flow patterns. However, the formation of vortices requires high flow rates to induce inertial effects. Here, we introduce a new method for generating dynamic vortices in microfluidics at low static flow rates. Human blood is driven through a microfluidic channel incorporating a semi-circular stenosis barrier. The inlet tube of the channel is axially oscillated using a computer-controlled audio-speaker. The tube oscillation induces high transient flow rates in the channel, which generates dynamic vortices across the stenosis barrier. The size of the vortices can be modulated by varying the frequency and amplitude of tube oscillation. Various vortex flow patterns can be generated by varying the flow rate. The formation and size of the vortices can be predicted using the Reynolds number of the oscillating tube. We demonstrate the potential application of the system for investigating the adhesion and phagocytosis of circulating immune cells under pathologically high shear rates induced at the stenosis. This approach facilitates the development of versatile and controllable inertial microfluidic systems for performing various cellular assays while operating at low static flow rates and low sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Chanly Chheang
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Scott Needham
- Leading Technology Group, Bayswater, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elena Pirogova
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
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Chen CJ, Kao MH, Alvarado NAS, Ye YM, Tseng HY. Microfluidic Determination of Distinct Membrane Transport Properties between Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells CL1-0 and CL1-5. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040199. [PMID: 35448259 PMCID: PMC9030283 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cell membrane permeability of a cell type to water (Lp) and cryoprotective agents (Ps), is the key factor that determines the optimal cooling and mass transportation during cryopreservation. The human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, CL1, has been widely used to study the invasive capabilities or drug resistance of lung cancer cells. Therefore, providing accurate databases of the mass transport properties of this specific cell line can be crucial for facilitating either flexible and optimal preservation, or supply. In this study, utilizing our previously proposed noncontact-based micro-vortex system, we focused on comparing the permeability phenomenon between CL1-0 and its more invasive subline, CL1-5, under several different ambient temperatures. Through the assay procedure, the cells of favor were virtually trapped in a hydrodynamic circulation to provide direct inspection using a high-speed camera, and the images were then processed to achieve the observation of a cell’s volume change with respect to time, and in turn, the permeability. Based on the noncontact nature of our system, we were able to manifest more accurate results than their contact-based counterparts, excluding errors involved in estimating the cell geometry. As the results in this experiment showed, the transport phenomena in the CL1-0 and CL1-5 cell lines are mainly composed of simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer, except for the case where CL1-5 were suspended in the cryoprotective agent (CPA) solution, which also demonstrated higher Ps values. The deviated behavior of CL1-5 might be a consequence of the altered expression of aquaporins and the coupling of a cryoprotective agent and water, and has given a vision on possible studies over these properties, and their potential relationship to invasiveness and metastatic stability of the CL1 cell line.
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