Light-emitting analogues based on triphenylamine modified quinoxaline and pyridine[2,3-b]pyrazine exhibiting different mechanochromic luminescence

A simple molecular design towards the conversion of a MCL backbone to a multifunctional emitter exhibiting polymorphism, AIE, TADF and MCL

Compared with the large number of single-function materials such as aggregation-induced emission (AIE), mechanochromic luminescence (MCL), or thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, multifunctional emitting materials offer more opportunities in practical applications. In this report, we provide a simple molecular design strategy towards the conversion of a MCL building block to a multifunctional emitter. Through altering the substituent sites and increasing the number of electron donors and steric hindrance on a normal MCL backbone benzo[d,e]benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-7-one, a novel multifunctional material 10,11-bis-(4-diphenylamino-phenyl)-benzo[d,e]benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-7-one (10,11-2TPA-BBI) is designed and synthesized. 10,11-2TPA-BBI exhibits simultaneous polymorphism, AIE, MCL and TADF properties. It can form four different aggregate species: yellow solid (YS) and orange solid (OS), orange flake-shaped crystal (OC), and red prism-like crystal (RC). Among them, because of the small energy gaps (ΔE_STs < 0.3 eV) between the singlet and triplet excited states, OS, OC and RC exhibit TADF properties, while YS show normal fluorescence characteristics with a large ΔE_ST of 0.33 eV. OS can be reversibly transformed into YS upon external stimuli, which can be attributed to the emission switch between local excited state and charge transfer state. Crystallographic study indicates that the bulky structure and weak intermolecular interactions account for polymorphism and AIE properties. This work will provide a simple molecular design strategy for multifunctional materials.