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Endraß SMJ, Klapötke TM, Lommel M, Stierstorfer J, Weidemann ML, Werner M. 1- and 2-Tetrazolylacetonitrile as Versatile Ligands for Laser Ignitable Energetic Coordination Compounds. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400031. [PMID: 38436519 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
1- and 2-Tetrazolylacetonitrile (1- and 2-TAN) have been synthesized by the reaction of chloroacetonitrile with 1H-tetrazole under basic conditions. They further were reacted with sodium azide in the presence of zinc(II) chloride to form 5-((1H-tetrazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-tetrazole (1-HTMT) and 5-((2H-tetrazol-2-yl)methyl)-1H-tetrazole (2-HTMT). The nitrogen-rich compounds have been applied as ligands for Energetic Coordination Compounds (ECCs) and show interesting coordinative behavior due to different bridging modes. The structural variability of the compounds has been proved by low-temperature X-ray analysis. The ECCs were analyzed for their sensitivities to provide information about the safety of handling and their capability to serve as primary explosives in detonator setups to replace the commonly used lead styphnate and azide. All colored ECCs were evaluated for their ignitability by laser initiation in translucent polycarbonate primer caps. In addition, the spin-crossover characteristics of [Fe(1-TAN)6](ClO4)2 were highlighted by the measurement of the temperature-dependent susceptibility curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M J Endraß
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- EMTO GmbH, Energetic Materials Technology, 81477, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- EMTO GmbH, Energetic Materials Technology, 81477, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Lommel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- EMTO GmbH, Energetic Materials Technology, 81477, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- EMTO GmbH, Energetic Materials Technology, 81477, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin L Weidemann
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Werner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
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Wang TW, Xie ZM, Lu ZJ, Zhang C, Kuang BL, Yi ZX, Wang K, Li Y, Zhang JG. Preparation of Primary Explosive by Self-assembly of Combustible and Oxidizing Agents under Acid. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37289637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to further explore the effect of ligands on the performance of primary explosives and gain a deeper understanding of the coordination mechanism, we designed furan-2-carbohydrazide (FRCA), a ligand, by using oxygen-containing heterocycles and carbohydrazide. Then, FRCA and Cu(ClO4)2 were used to synthesize coordination compounds [Cu(FRCA)2(H2O)(ClO4)2]·CH3OH (ECCs-1·CH3OH) and Cu(FRCA)2(H2O)(ClO4)2 (ECCs-1). The structure of the ECCs-1 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and EA characterization. Further experiments on ECCs-1 show that ECCs-1 has good thermal stability, but is sensitive to mechanical stimuli (impact sensitivity = IS = 8 J, friction sensitivity = FS = 20 N). The predicted value of the detonation parameter is DEXPLO 5 = 6.6 km s-1, PEXPLO 5 = 18.8 GPa, but the ignition test, laser test, and lead plate detonation experiment show that ECCs-1 has excellent detonation performance, which is very worthy of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zu-Jia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bao-Long Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhen-Xin Yi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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Voitekhovich SV, Lyakhov AS, Degtyarik MM, Grigoriev YV, Shiman DI, Klose J, Stepurko EN, Blokhin AV, Ivashkevich LS, Kersting B, Ivashkevich OA. Dicopper(II) complexes with N3,N4-Bridging 1-alkyltetrazoles: Synthesis, crystal structure, magnetic and thermodynamic properties. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2023.123876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Rösch M, Gruhne MS, Lommel M, Endraß SMJ, Stierstorfer J. The Adjustability of Physicochemical Properties: Comparison of 1-Vinyl-5H-tetrazole and 1-Allyl-5H-tetrazole as Ligands in 3d Metal Energetic Coordination Compounds. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1488-1507. [PMID: 36633927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Energetic coordination compounds (ECCs) show promising properties to be used as potential substitutes for highly toxic lead-containing primary explosives. The concept is to combine the three building blocks: (i) ligand, (ii) transition metal, and (iii) anion, acting as (i) fuel, (ii) matrix, and (iii) oxidizer (e.g., ClO4-, NO3-, ClO3-) or energetic component (e.g., DN-, N3-, picrate, styphnate, trinitrophloroglucinate). By variation of the ligands, the complexes' properties can be adjusted toward their desired performance and sensitivities. In the present study, 1-vinyl-5H-tetrazole (1-VTZ, 1) and 1-allyl-5H-tetrazole (1-ATZ, 2) were used as nitrogen-rich endothermic ligands to form 3d metal (Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+)-based ECCs. The influence of the introduction of an unsaturated C-C bond (1-ETZ vs 1-VTZ and 1-PTZ vs 1-ATZ) on the performance and sensitivity of the complexes is discussed, as is the lengthening of the alkenyl chain (1-VTZ vs 1-ATZ). For further insights, the novel complexes were compared to literature-known complexes based on N1-substituted C2- and C3-derived tetrazole ligands, respectively. The ligand 1-VTZ (1) was prepared by elimination of hydrogen chloride from 1-(2-chloroethyl)-5H-tetrazole in methanolic KOH solution. 1-ATZ (2) was obtained by a heterocyclization reaction of allylamine with triethyl orthoformate and sodium azide in an acetic acid medium. All compounds were intensively characterized with analytical methods such as XRD, IR, EA, DTA, TGA, and sensitivity measurements (IS and FS). The energetic performances were visibly evaluated in fast heating experiments. Furthermore, PETN initiation and laser ignition experiments were carried out for promising ECCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rösch
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Michael S Gruhne
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Marcus Lommel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Simon M J Endraß
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Munich D-81377, Germany
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Hao W, Jin B, Zhang J, Luo L, Liu Q, Deng H, Huang T, Liu L, Shen J, Peng R. Construction of variable dimension green high energy complex and laser response. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Chaplygin DA, Larin AA, Meerov DB, Monogarov KA, Pronkin DK, Pivkina AN, Fershtat LL. (2-Vinyltetrazolyl)furoxans as New Potential Energetic Monomers. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200365. [PMID: 36513393 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A regioselective approach toward the synthesis of a set of new (2-vinyltetrazolyl)furoxans as potential energetic monomers has been realized. All target energetic materials were thoroughly characterized by spectral and analytical methods. Moreover, crystal structures of two representative heterocyclic systems were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Prepared high-energy substances have high combined nitrogen-oxygen content (63-71 %), high enthalpies of formation and good detonation parameters (D: 6.7-7.8 km s-1; P: 18-28 GPa). Mechanical sensitivities of the synthesized vinyltetrazoles range these explosives from highly sensitive to completely insensitive. Using calculations of molecular electrostatic potentials (ESP), structural factors influencing the impact sensitivity were revealed. Overall, newly synthesized (2-vinyltetrazolyl)furoxans are of interest as promising energetic monomers due to the presence of the vinyl moiety and explosophoric heterocyclic combination, while their performance exceeds that of benchmark explosive TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil A Chaplygin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A Larin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry B Meerov
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Monogarov
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry K Pronkin
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alla N Pivkina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Centre for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid L Fershtat
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000, Myasnitskaya str., 20, Moscow, Russian Federation
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7
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Valiey E, Dekamin MG. Design and characterization of an urea-bridged PMO supporting Cu(II) nanoparticles as highly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for synthesis of tetrazole derivatives. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18139. [PMID: 36307538 PMCID: PMC9616949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a new periodic mesoporous organosilica with urea-bridges produced by the reaction of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (APS-TDU-PMO) is introduced. The obtained APS-TDU-PMO was found to be an appropriate support for loading of Cu(II) nanoparticles to afford supramolecular Cu@APS-TDU-PMO nanocomposite. Uniformity and mesoporosity of both synthesized nanomaterials including APS-TDU-PMO and Cu@APS-TDU-PMO were proved by different spectroscopic, microscopic or analytical techniques including FTIR, EDX, XRD, FESEM, TEM, BET, TGA and DTA. Furthermore, the prepared Cu@APS-TDU-PMO nanomaterial was also used, as a heterogeneous and recyclable catalyst, for the synthesis of tetrazole derivatives through cascade condensation, concerted cycloaddition and tautomerization reactions. Indeed, the main advantages of this Cu@APS-TDU-PMO is its simple preparation and high catalytic activity as well as proper surface area which enable it to work under solvent-free conditions. Also, the introduced Cu@APS-TDU-PMO heterogeneous catalyst showed good stability and reusability for six consecutive runs to address more green chemistry principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Valiey
- grid.411748.f0000 0001 0387 0587Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114 Iran
| | - Mohammad G. Dekamin
- grid.411748.f0000 0001 0387 0587Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 16846-13114 Iran
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Wang T, Zhang L, Yi Z, Cao W, Dong WS, Zhu S, Zhang J. New Method Synthesis of Urazine and Dissolve-crystallization of Its Ag(I)-based Laser Energetic Coordination Polymers. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Guided by synthetic chemistry, coordination chemistry and crystallization chemistry, a novel synthesis and crystallization strategy of laser complex energetic materials has been established in this article. In this paper, a...
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