Swellable colorimetric microneedles for glucose detection based on glucose oxidase-like gold nanoparticles

BACKGROUND

Regular blood glucose monitoring is very important for diabetic patients. The composition of skin interstitial fluid (ISF) is similar to that of blood, which can be used for daily blood sugar detection and disease care. However, most methods of ISF extraction have complicated steps, may cause skin damage, and can only extract a limited amount of ISF, resulting in low detection efficiency. Therefore, it is very necessary to develop a detection method that can not only extract a large amount of ISF safely, efficiently, and conveniently, but also realize rapid detection of glucose level in ISF.

RESULTS

Here, we developed a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based swellable colorimetric MN patch with minimally invasive sampling function and real-time ISF glucose analysis ability. The MN patch could quickly absorb a large amount of skin ISF, and 60.2 mg of ISF was extracted within 10 min in vitro. It was divided into two layers: the tip layer was embedded with AuNPs with glucose oxidase (GOx)-like activity, which catalyzed the oxidation of glucose extracted from ISF and produced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); horseradish peroxidase (HRP) encapsulated in the backing layer catalyzed the oxidation of 3, 3', 5, 5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H2O2 to produce oxTMB, which led to a visible color shift in the backing layer. The ISF glucose level was judged by naked eyes and further quantified by color analysis with Image J software. As a result, the colorimetric MN patch successfully identified the normal blood sugar and hyperglycemia state in vivo.

SIGNIFICANCE

The colorimetric MN patch combined in-situ colorimetric sensing based on AuNP nanozyme with MN patch, which detected glucose level without blood drawing, increasing patients' compliance and reducing detection steps and time. Compared with the detection methods based on natural nanozymes, our method had better stability and sensitivity to complex environments (extreme pH and high temperature, etc.) in actual detection.

Silicon Nanoparticle-Based Ratiometric Fluorescence Probes for Highly Sensitive and Visual Detection of VB2

In this work, blue fluorescent silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) were prepared by a simple one-step hydrothermal method using (3-aminopropyl) triethoxy silane (APTES) and eriochrome black T as raw materials. The SiNPs showed favorable water solubility, thermal stability, pH stability, salt tolerance, and photobleaching resistance. At an excitation wavelength of 376 nm, the SiNPs emitted bright blue fluorescence at 460 nm. In the presence of vitamin B₂ (VB₂), the fluorescence intensity (FL intensity) of the SiNPs at 460 nm decreased obviously, and a new peak appeared at 521 nm. Based on this, a novel ratiometric fluorescence method was established for VB₂ detection. There was a good linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity ratio (F ₅₂₁/F ₄₆₀) and VB₂ concentration from 0.5 to 60 μM with a detection limit of 135 nM. This method was successfully applied to detect VB₂ content in the samples of vitamin B₂ drugs and beverages. Additionally, a simple paper sensor based on the SiNPs was designed to visualize detection of VB₂. With the support of color recognition software on a smartphone, the visual quantitative analysis of VB₂ was realized, ranging from 40 to 800 μM.