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Jing L, Xu Y, Xie M, Li Z, Wu C, Zhao H, Zhong N, Wang J, Wang H, Yan Y, Li H, Hu J. Cyano-Rich g-C 3 N 4 in Photochemistry: Design, Applications, and Prospects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304404. [PMID: 37670529 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials are widely used in various fields of photochemistry due to the very powerful electron-absorbing ability and electron storage function of cyano, as well as its advantages in improving light absorption, adjusting the energy band structure, increasing the polarization rate and electron density in the structure, active site concentration, and promoting oxygen activation ability. Notwithstanding, there is yet a huge knowledge break in the design, preparation, detection, application, and prospect of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 . Accordingly, an overall review is arranged to substantially comprehend the research progress and position of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials. An overall overview of the current research position in the synthesis, characterization (determination of their location and quantity), application, and reaction mechanism analysis of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials to provide a quantity of novel suggestions for cyano-modified carbon nitride materials' construction is provided. In view of the prevailing challenges and outlooks of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 materials, this paper will purify the growth direction of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 , to achieve a more in-depth exploration and broaden the applications of cyano-rich g-C3 N4 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Jing
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yuanguo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Meng Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chongchong Wu
- CNOOC Institute of Chemicals & Advanced Materials (CICM), Beijing, 102200, P. R. China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Na Zhong
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jiu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yubo Yan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, P. R. China
| | - Huaming Li
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Liang H, Wang A, Cheng R, Tian X, Jing S, Tsiakaras P. Efficient Photocatalytic H 2 O 2 Production Ability of a Novel Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Carbon Composites under Visible Light. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303813. [PMID: 37507829 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, using one-step calcination of a mixture made of potassium hydroxide (KOH), melamine, and microplastics, this work prepares a novel graphitic carbon nitride/carbon (g-C3 N4 /C) composite, which can be employed to photo-catalytically produce hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) at a high rate up to 6.146 mmol g-1 h-1 under visible light irradiation. By analyzing the energy band structure of the catalyst, the production of H2 O2 in this system consists of two single-electron reactions. The modification of KOH makes abundant N-vacancies caused by cyano-groups in g-C3 N4 , enhancing the electron absorption ability. Moreover, the introduction of graphitic carbon increases its specific surface area and porosity and improves the adsorption ability of O2 . Simultaneously, their synergism reduces the g-C3 N4 band gap, making both the conduction-band and valence-band positions more negative, showing enhanced reduction ability, lowering the energy barrier for oxygen reduction, and greatly improving the photogeneration performance of H2 O2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagen Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, Carbon Neutrality Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
| | - Anhu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, Carbon Neutrality Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
| | - Ruolin Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, Carbon Neutrality Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
| | - Xinlong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan Provincial Key Lab of Fine Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shengyu Jing
- School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, 1 Sekeri Str., Pedion Areos, 38334, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Tsiakaras
- Laboratory of Alternative Energy Conversion Systems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Thessaly, 1 Sekeri Str., Pedion Areos, 38334, Greece
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Wang D, Zhang Z, Xu S, Guo Y, Kang S, Chang X. H 2+CO 2 Synergistic Plasma Positioning Carboxyl Defects in g-C 3N 4 with Engineered Electronic Structure and Active Sites for Efficient Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7381. [PMID: 35806384 PMCID: PMC9266665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective functional-group-endowed polymer semiconductors, which have unique photoelectric properties and rapid carrier separation properties, are an emerging type of high-performance photocatalyst for various energy and environmental applications. However, traditional oxidation etching chemical methods struggle to introduce defects or produce special functional group structures gently and controllably, which limits the implementation and application of the defective functional group modification strategy. Here, with the surface carboxyl modification of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalyst as an example, we show for the first time the feasibility and precise modification potential of the non-thermal plasma method. In this method, the microwave plasma technique is employed to generate highly active plasma in a combined H2+CO2 gas environment. The plasma treatment allows for scalable production of high-quality defective carboxyl group-endowed g-C3N4 nanosheets with mesopores. The rapid H2+CO2 plasma immersion treatment can precisely tune the electronic and band structures of g-C3N4 nanosheets within 10 min. This conjoint approach also promotes charge-carrier separation and accelerates the photocatalyst-catalyzed H2 evolution rate from 1.68 mmol h-1g-1 (raw g-C3N4) to 8.53 mmol h-1g-1 (H2+CO2-pCN) under Xenon lamp irradiation. The apparent quantum yield (AQY) of the H2+CO2-pCN with the presence of 5 wt.% Pt cocatalyst is 4.14% at 450 nm. Combined with density functional theory calculations, we illustrate that the synergistic N vacancy generation and carboxyl species grafting modifies raw g-C3N4 materials by introducing ideal defective carboxyl groups into the framework of heptazine ring g-C3N4, leading to significantly optimized electronic structure and active sites for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution. The 5.08-times enhancement in the photocatalytic H2 evolution over the as-developed catalysts reveal the potential and maneuverability of the non-thermal plasma method in positioning carboxyl defects and mesoporous morphology. This work presents new understanding about the defect engineering mechanism in g-C3N4 semiconductors, and thus paves the way for rational design of effective polymeric photocatalysts through advanced defective functional group engineering techniques evolving CO2 as the industrial carrier gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqian Wang
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (D.W.); (S.X.); (Y.G.)
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (Z.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Shuchuan Xu
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (D.W.); (S.X.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ying Guo
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (D.W.); (S.X.); (Y.G.)
- Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Center of Ministry Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shifei Kang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (Z.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Xijiang Chang
- College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (D.W.); (S.X.); (Y.G.)
- Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Center of Ministry Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Zhao P, Jin B, Zhang Q, Peng R. Fabrication of g-C 3N 4/Bi 2WO 6 as a direct Z-scheme excellent photocatalyst. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To improve the photocatalytic efficiency of Bi2WO6, two types of g-C3N4 nanomaterial, g-C3N4 quantum dots and nanosheets, were incorporated with Bi2WO6 to construct two kinds of g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 photocatalysts with excellent photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Qingchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, P. R. China
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