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Zhao Y, Sun Y, Li H, Zeng S, Li R, Yao Q, Chen H, Zheng Y, Qu K. Highly enhanced hydrazine oxidation on bifunctional Ni tailored by alloying for energy-efficient hydrogen production. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:1848-1856. [PMID: 37683412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The low-potential hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) can replace the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and thus assemble with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), consequently achieving energy-saving hydrogen (H2) production. Notably, developing sophisticated bifunctional electrocatalysts for HER and HzOR is a prerequisite for efficient H2 production. Alloying noble metals with eligible non-precious ones can increase affordability, catalytic activity, and stability, alongside rendering bifunctionality. Herein, RuNi alloy deposited onto carbon (RuNi/C) was directly prepared by a simple and highly practical co-reduction method, showing excellent performance for HER and HzOR. Interestingly, to achieve 10 mA cm-2, RuNi/C only required an ultralow potential of 24 mV for HER, on par with commercial 20 wt% platinum in carbon (Pt/C), and -65 mV for HzOR, surpassing most reported counterparts. Moreover, the two-electrode electrolyzer only required small operation voltages of 57.8 and 327 mV to drive 10 and 100 mA cm-2, respectively. Driven by a homemade hydrazine (N2H4) fuel cell and solar panel, appreciable H2 yields of 1.027 and 1.406 mmol h-1 were achieved, respectively, exhibiting the energy-saving advantages alongside robust practicability. Moreover, theoretical calculations revealed that alloying with Ru endows bifunctional Ni sites not only with a lower H2O dissociation barrier but also with more favorable H* adsorption alongside the reduced energy barrier between HzOR intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Suyuan Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qingxia Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yao Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Konggang Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
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Jiang T, Liu Z, Yuan Y, Zheng X, Park S, Wei S, Li L, Ma Y, Liu S, Chen J, Zhu Z, Meng Y, Li K, Sun J, Peng Q, Chen W. Ultrafast Electrical Pulse Synthesis of Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Beyond-Industrial-Level Hydrogen Gas Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300502. [PMID: 37249173 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The high reliability and proven ultra-longevity make aqueous hydrogen gas (H2 ) batteries ideal for large-scale energy storage. However, the low alkaline hydrogen evolution and oxidation reaction (HER/HOR) activities of expensive platinum catalysts severely hamper their widespread applications in H2 batteries. Here, cost-effective, highly active electrocatalysts, with a model of ruthenium-nickel alloy nanoparticles in ≈3 nm anchored on carbon black (RuNi/C) as an example, are developed by an ultrafast electrical pulse approach for nickel-hydrogen gas (NiH2 ) batteries. Having a competitive low cost of about one fifth of Pt/C benckmark, this ultrafine RuNi/C catalyst displays an ultrahigh HOR mass activity of 2.34 A mg-1 at 50 mV (vs RHE) and an ultralow HER overpotential of 19.5 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 . As a result, the advanced NiH2 battery can efficiently operate under all-climate conditions (from -25 to +50 °C) with excellent durability. Notably, the NiH2 cell stack achieves an energy density up to 183 Wh kg-1 and an estimated cost of ≈49 $ kWh-1 under an ultrahigh cathode Ni(OH)2 loading of 280 mg cm-2 and a low anode Ru loading of ≈62.5 µg cm-2 . The advanced beyond-industrial-level hydrogen gas batteries provide great opportunities for practical grid-scale energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoli Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zaichun Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xinhua Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Sunhyeong Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shuyang Wei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Linxiang Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yirui Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jinghao Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhengxin Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yahan Meng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jifei Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Qia Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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Chu X, Wang L, Li J, Xu H. Strategies for Promoting Catalytic Performance of Ru-based Electrocatalysts towards Oxygen/Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300013. [PMID: 36806446 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Ru-based materials hold great promise for substituting Pt as potential electrocatalysts toward water electrolysis. Significant progress is made in the fabrication of advanced Ru-based electrocatalysts, but an in-depth understanding of the engineering methods and induced effects is still in their early stage. Herein, we organize a review that focusing on the engineering strategies toward the substantial improvement in electrocatalytic OER and HER performance of Ru-based catalysts, including geometric structure, interface, phase, electronic structure, size, and multicomponent engineering. Subsequently, the induced enhancement in catalytic performance by these engineering strategies are also elucidated. Furthermore, some representative Ru-based electrocatalysts for the electrocatalytic HER and OER applications are also well presented. Finally, the challenges and prospects are also elaborated for the future synthesis of more effective Ru-based catalysts and boost their future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxu Chu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Junru Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, Henan Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
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Yuan M, Luo J, Xu H, Wang C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Du Y. Hydrogen evolution reaction catalysis on RuM (M = Ni, Co) porous nanorods by cation etching. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 624:279-286. [PMID: 35660897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient and stable nanomaterial electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of great significance for renewable energy conversion via water electrolysis. Herein, we have developed a novel class of bimetallic RuM (M = Ni, Co) hollow nanorods (HNRs) through a facile Fe3+ etching strategy, as electrocatalysts for enhancing the HER. Morphological physical characterization and electrochemical tests demonstrated that RuM (M = Ni, Co) HNRs with hollow structures can effectively enhance electrocatalytic activity due to their high specific surface areas. Impressively, the RuNi HNRs exhibited superior HER performance with an overpotential of merely 25.6 mV in 1 M KOH solution at 10 mA cm-2, which is significantly lower than that of commercial Pt/C (44.7 mV). Moreover, the as prepared RuNi HNRs showed excellent stability and could continuously work at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 for 40 h with a negligible increase in potential. The Ru-based HNRs also showed high HER activity in an acidic solution. This study paves a new way for the universal fabrication of bimetallic hollow structured nanomaterials as efficient electrocatalysts for boosting the HER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jing Luo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Suzhou University Science and Technology, School of Chemical Biology and Materials Engineering, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
| | - Yukou Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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Han D, Du G, Wang Y, Jia L, Zhao W, Su Q, Ding S, Zhang M, Xu B. Chemical Energy-Driven Lithiation Preparation of Defect-Rich Transition Metal Nanostructures for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202779. [PMID: 35934891 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal nanostructures are widely regarded as important catalysts to replace the precious metal Pt for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water splitting. However, it is difficult to obtain uniform-sized and ultrafine metal nanograins through general high-temperature reduction and sintering processes. Herein, a novel method of chemical energy-driven lithiation is introduced to synthesize transition metal nanostructures. By taking advantage of the slow crystallization kinetics at room temperature, more surface and boundary defects can be generated and remained, which reduce the atomic coordination number and tune the electronic structure and adsorption free energy of the metals. The obtained Ni nanostructures therein exhibit excellent HER performance. In addition, the bimetal of Co and Ni shows better electrocatalytic kinetics than individual Ni and Co nanostructures, reaching 100 mA cm-2 at a low overpotential of 127 mV. The high HER performance originates from well-formed synergistic effect between Ni and Co by tuning the electronic structures. Density functional theory simulations confirm that the bimetallic NiCo possesses a low Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption, which are conducive to enhance its intrinsic activity. This work provides a general strategy that enables simultaneous defect engineering and electronic modulation of transition metal catalysts to achieve an enhancement in HER performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Han
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Gaohui Du
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Yunting Wang
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Lina Jia
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Zhao
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Qingmei Su
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Shukai Ding
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
| | - Bingshe Xu
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, P. R. China
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Ding Y, Cao KW, He JW, Li FM, Huang H, Chen P, Chen Y. Nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel-supported ruthenium nanocrystals for pH-universal hydrogen evolution reaction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cui J, Liu X, Wei Y, Shen X. A Synergistic effect on the atomic cluster M 4 supported on MN 4-graphene (M = Fe, Ni) for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11704-11712. [PMID: 35506514 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00644h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of stable and efficient non-noble metal catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) can greatly promote the utilization of hydrogen energy. Herein, we investigated four potential model catalysts of the atomic cluster M4 supported on MN4-graphene substrates (M = Fe, Ni) from first-principles, i.e., Fe4@FeN4-Gr, Fe4@NiN4-Gr, Ni4@FeN4-Gr and Ni4@NiN4-Gr, respectively. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the synergistic effect enhances the stability and HER activity of these supported M4@MN4-Gr. It is found that the Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption (ΔGH*) of Ni4@FeN4-Gr is only -0.168 eV with the best exchange current. We further explored the pH effect on the HER performance and determined the ideal pH range of these potential model catalysts. Four model catalysts can follow the Volmer-Tafel pathway if considering the implicit solvation effect. These results provide an effective guidance for the rational design of electro-catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiake Cui
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yongxue Wei
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiangjian Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Material Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Xiong G, Wang Y, Xu F, Tang G, Zhang H, Wang F, Wang Y. Au(111)@Ti 6O 11 heterostructure composites with enhanced synergistic effects as efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3878-3887. [PMID: 35201244 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing cost-effective electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of great significance for the renewable energy field. The Magnéli phase TinO2n-1 (4 ≤ n ≤ 10) has attracted much attention as a promising carbon-free support for electrocatalysts due to its high electrical conductivity and favorable electrochemical stability. Herein, we report the synthesis of a specific crystal-plane coupling heterostructure between Au(111) nanoparticles (NPs) and Ti6O11 by photoreduction. Benefitting from the modification of the electronic structure and synergistic effects of the heterostructure, the electron density around Au atoms is enhanced, and the Gibbs free energy of hydrogen absorption (ΔGH*) was dramatically optimized to facilitate the HER process. The best electrocatalyst Au(111)@Ti6O11-50 exhibits a lower overpotential of 49 mV at a current density of -10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 39 mV dec-1 in 0.5 M H2SO4, and shows long-term electrochemical stability over 30 h. Au(111)@Ti6O11-50 shows a mass activity of 9.25 A mgAu-1, which is about 18 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C (0.51 A mgPt-1). Meanwhile, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the ΔGH* of Au(111)@Ti6O11 is -0.098 eV, which is comparable to that of Pt (-0.09 eV). This work would be a powerful guide for the realization of efficient utilization of noble metals in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangquan Xiong
- The School of Electrical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing City, 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Yanwei Wang
- The School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing City, 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Fan Xu
- The School of Electrical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing City, 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Gangrong Tang
- The School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing City, 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- The School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing City, 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Feipeng Wang
- The School of Electrical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing City, 400044, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Wang
- The School of Electrical Engineering, and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing City, 400044, P. R. China.
- The School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing City, 400044, P. R. China.
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