1
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Liao XL, Ran X, Wang D, Bian SD, Liang ZH, Xiao YH, Wu XW, Zhou JZ, Wu DY, Tian ZQ. How the secrets behind photocurrents are revealed in Ag-TiO 2 heterostructures-based plasmonic photoelectrochemical systems: A collaborative approach of EC-SERS and photoelectrochemical methods. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 674:766-777. [PMID: 38955008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Plasmon-mediated chemical reactions (PMCR) have garnered growing interest as a promising concept for photocatalysis. However, in electrochemical systems at solid-liquid interfaces, the photo-induced charge transfer on the surface of metal-semiconductor heterostructures involves complex processes and mechanisms, which are still poorly understood. We explore the plasmon-mediated carrier transfer mechanism and the synergistic effect of light and electric fields on Ag-TiO2 heterostructures, through a combination of electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical methods, with para-aminothiophenol (PATP) serving as a probe molecule. The results show that photocurrent responses are dependent on not only excitation wavelengths and applied potentials, but also the irreversibility of redox. The relationship between photocurrent responses and the chemical transformation between PATP and 4,4'-dimercaptoazobenzene is established, reflecting the photo-induced charge transfer of the heterostructures. The collaboration of spectroscopic and photoelectrochemical methods provide valuable insights into the chemical transformation and kinetic information of adsorbed molecules on the heterostructure during PMCR, offering opportunities for modulating of photocatalytic activities of hot carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xue Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Si-Da Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuan-Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin-Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian-Zhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - De-Yin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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2
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Yang L, Li Z, Chen C, Wang J, Yin Q, Zhang Y, Guo P. Assembly of Alloyed PdM (Ag, Cu, and Sn) Nanosheets and Their Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Ethanol and Methanol. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15320-15328. [PMID: 37669563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct alcohol fuel cells are popular due to their high energy density, abundant sources, and ease of transportation and storage. Palladium-based nanosheet self-assembled materials have emerged as an effective catalyst for alcohol oxidation reactions. In this work, nanosheets were synthesized with the same feeding ratio assembly of alloyed PdM (M = Ag, Cu, and Sn). The introduction of the second element was able to enhance the catalytic response of the catalysts to alcohol electrooxidation. Among them, the PdCu alloy exhibited the best performance in terms of catalytic activity, toxicity resistance, and stability to ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The catalytic current densities for EOR can reach 2226, 2518, and 1598 mA mg-1 for PdAg, PdCu, and PdSn nanosheet assemblies, respectively. These are mainly attributed to better electronic effects, altered atomic distances within the cell for the d-band centers of Pd, and a larger electrochemical active surface area (ECSA). The optimized d-band center is beneficial to promote the catalytic performance of EOR and MOR. Experimental data also demonstrated that higher electrocatalytic temperature, higher pH, and higher alcohol concentration can accelerate the rate of alcohol electrooxidation. These results have the potential to be extended to Pd-M (M = other metals) nanosheets and help for a wider range of catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likang Yang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Ze Li
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Jiasheng Wang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Qizhi Yin
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Zhang
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Peizhi Guo
- Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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3
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Itoh T, Procházka M, Dong ZC, Ji W, Yamamoto YS, Zhang Y, Ozaki Y. Toward a New Era of SERS and TERS at the Nanometer Scale: From Fundamentals to Innovative Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1552-1634. [PMID: 36745738 PMCID: PMC9952515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) have opened a variety of exciting research fields. However, although a vast number of applications have been proposed since the two techniques were first reported, none has been applied to real practical use. This calls for an update in the recent fundamental and application studies of SERS and TERS. Thus, the goals and scope of this review are to report new directions and perspectives of SERS and TERS, mainly from the viewpoint of combining their mechanism and application studies. Regarding the recent progress in SERS and TERS, this review discusses four main topics: (1) nanometer to subnanometer plasmonic hotspots for SERS; (2) Ångström resolved TERS; (3) chemical mechanisms, i.e., charge-transfer mechanism of SERS and semiconductor-enhanced Raman scattering; and (4) the creation of a strong bridge between the mechanism studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamitake Itoh
- Health
and Medical Research Institute, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, 761-0395Kagawa, Japan
| | - Marek Procházka
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zhen-Chao Dong
- Hefei
National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technique of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Wei Ji
- College
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin145040, China
| | - Yuko S. Yamamoto
- School
of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology (JAIST), Nomi, 923-1292Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hefei
National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technique of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of
Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei
Gakuin University, 2-1,
Gakuen, Sanda, 669-1330Hyogo, Japan
- Toyota
Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Nagakute, 480-1192Aichi, Japan
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4
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dos Santos Lopes D, dos Santos Abreu D, Ando RA, Corio P. Regioselective Plasmon-Driven Decarboxylation of Mercaptobenzoic Acids Triggered by Distinct Reactive Oxygen Species. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas dos Santos Lopes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil
| | - Dieric dos Santos Abreu
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceara, Campus Pici, Fortaleza, Ceara 60455-970, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Augusto Ando
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil
| | - Paola Corio
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Sao Paulo 05508000, Brazil
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5
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Su HS, Chang X, Xu B. Surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies in electrocatalysis: Fundamentals, challenges, and perspectives. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Zhao C, Jian X, Gao Z, Song YY. Plasmon-Mediated Peroxidase-like Activity on an Asymmetric Nanotube Architecture for Rapid Visual Detection of Bacteria. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14038-14046. [PMID: 36170584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive detection of bacteria from a complex real media remains a challenge. Herein, we report a visual bacterial sensing assay with excellent specificity, anti-interference ability, and sensitivity based on a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-enhanced peroxidase (POD) mimetic. The POD mimetic based on Pt nanoparticles (NPs) asymmetrically decorated on Au/TiO2 magnetic nanotubes (Au/Pt/MTNTs) is designed by combining the intrinsic photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and the limited transport depth of light. It is revealed that the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of the asymmetric nanotubes is more effective in facilitating the generation of hot electrons, which are subsequently transferred to Pt and MTNTs, thus greatly promoting the catalytic performance. Using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as a model of Gram-positive bacteria, the dependence of the colorimetric reaction on the active sites of the POD mimetic is used for the sensing of target bacteria. Owing to the specific recognition between S. aureus and peptide, the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled peptide probes are captured by S. aureus and removed from the Au/Pt/MTNTs, leading to the recovery of POD-like activity and fluorescence emission of S. aureus. Particularly, benefiting from the Au-SPR effect and the magnetic feature of the Au/Pt/MTNTs, the recovery of catalytic activity induced an improved colorimetric assay with a wider linear response for S. aureus qualification and a detection limit of four cells, as well as satisfactory selectivity and feasibility for application in real samples. The plasmon-enhanced POD activity would provide a simple-yet-effective approach to achieve a colorimetric bioassay with high efficiency and sensitivity. This asymmetric design can also be utilized to engineer nanozymes in colorimetric assays for the specific detection of biotoxins, biomarkers, and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhao
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Xiaoxia Jian
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zhida Gao
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yan-Yan Song
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, China
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7
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Zhang XG, Zhong JH. Correlating the orbital overlap area and vibrational frequency shift of an isocyanide moiety adsorbed on Pt and Pd covered Au(111) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23301-23308. [PMID: 36165277 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Orbital interactions between adsorbed molecules and the underlying metal surfaces play critical roles in a wide range of surface and interfacial processes. Establishing a correlation between an experimental observable (e.g., vibrational frequency shift of the adsorbed molecule) and the orbital interactions is of vital importance. Herein, theoretical calculations are used to investigate the vibrational frequency shift of phenyl isocyanide molecules as a probe molecule adsorbed on mono- and bi-layer Pt and Pd covered Au(111) surfaces and Pd2Au4 and Pt2Au4 clusters. By analyzing the density of states (DOS) of the adsorption system, we show that the orbital overlap area of d electronic DOS with a molecular σ or π* orbital, particularly their ratio (Rd-σ/d-π*), can be a meaningful descriptor to explain the frequency shift of the CN moiety. This hypothesis has been verified by simulations for phenyl isocyanide with electron donating NH2- and withdrawing CF3- substituent groups, formonitrile and carbon monoxide. Quasi-linear dependence of the frequency shift on Rd-σ/d-π* is observed for both the red and blue shift regions. Our findings build up on previous notions of electronic interactions, which will provide a more quantitative and solid footing to understand and analyze the frequency shift of adsorbed molecules on metal surfaces and the related electronic interactions and catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Jin-Hui Zhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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8
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Highly sensitive sensing and quantitative detection of sulfate ion with a SERS chip-based on boric acid's Lewis effect. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1385-1394. [PMID: 35927550 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Based on the Lewis acid's coordination principle, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) chip strategy had been developed for the ultrasensitive quantitation of SO42-. Through the immobilization of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and the construction of the boric acid-based sensing unit, the chip system displayed outstanding merits on the direct sensing of SO42-, e.g., simple operation, ultra-high sensitivity, reproducibility, excellent selectivity and specificity. Moreover, an accurate evaluation was obtained by ratiometric calculations on characteristic peaks (1382 and 1070 cm-1) for quantitative detection of SO42-. The detection limit was down to 10 nM. Tap water, beer, and mineral water samples were tested, and high recoveries were achieved (97.12-110.12%). Besides, such SERS chip also displayed strong applicability for the evaluation of SO32-. Therefore, this SERS chip provided a promising idea for the quantification of trace amounts of SO42- and SO32- in the fields of food safety and environmental monitoring.
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9
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Wang BX, Duan G, Xu W, Xu C, Jiang J, Yang Z, Wu Y, Pi F. Flexible surface-enhanced Raman scatting substrates: recent advances in their principles, design strategies, diversified material selections and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:472-516. [PMID: 35930338 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is widely used as a powerful analytical technology in cutting-edge areas such as food safety, biology, chemistry, and medical diagnosis, providing ultra-fast, ultra-sensitive, nondestructive characterization and achieving ultra-high detection sensitivity even down to the single-molecule level. Development of Raman spectroscopy is strongly dependent on high-performance SERS substrates, which have long evolved from the early days of rough metal electrodes to periodic nanopatterned arrays building on solid supporting substrates. For rigid SERS substrates, however, their applications are restricted by sophisticated pretreatments for detecting solid samples with non-planar surfaces. It is therefore essential to reassert the principles in constructing flexible SERS substrates. Herein, we comprehensively review the state-of-the-art in understanding, preparing and using flexible SERS. The basic mechanisms behind the flexible SERS are briefly outlined, typical design strategies are highlighted and diversified selection of materials in preparing flexible SERS substrates are reviewed. Then the recent achievements of various interdisciplinary applications based on flexible SERS substrates are summarized. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for future evolution of flexible SERS and their applications are demonstrated. We propose new research directions focused on stimulating the real potential of SERS as an advanced analytical technique for commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Xin Wang
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guiyuan Duan
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chongyang Xu
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | | | | | - Yangkuan Wu
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fuwei Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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10
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Chen Z, Liu A, Zhang X, Jiao J, Yuan Y, Huang Y, Yan S. Mxenes–Au NP Hybrid Plasmonic 2D Microplates in Microfluidics for SERS Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070505. [PMID: 35884308 PMCID: PMC9312844 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Combined with microfluidics, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) exhibits huge application prospective in sensitive online detection. In current studies, the design and optimization of plasmonic enhanced structures in microfluidics for SERS detection could be an interesting challenge. In this work, hybrid plasmonic 2D microplates composed of Mxenes (Ti3C2Tx) microplates and in-situ synthesized Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) are fabricated in a microchannel for enhanced structures in SERS microfluidics. Benefiting from the 2D Mxenes microplates with complex distributions, the enhanced areas generated by Au NPs are quite enlarged in a microchannel, which exhibits high sensitivity in SERS detection at 10−10 M for Nile blue (NB) molecules in microfluidics. The mechanism of electromagnetic enhancement (EM) and chemical enhancement (CM) is analyzed. The experimental data indicate the ultrasonic times of Mxenes and the concentration of Au3+ play important roles in the sensitivity of SERS detection, which is confirmed by the simulated electric field distributions. Furthermore, a typical pesticide (thiram) at 100 ppm in water is detected on these SERS microfluidics with hybrid plasmonic enhanced structures, which demonstrates that our work not only strengthens the knowledge of plasmonics but also enlarges the application of SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxian Chen
- College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Anping Liu
- College of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
- Correspondence: authors: (A.L.); (Y.Y.); (S.Y.)
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (X.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jiawei Jiao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (X.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Smart Materials, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; (X.Z.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: authors: (A.L.); (Y.Y.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yingzhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Sheng Yan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: authors: (A.L.); (Y.Y.); (S.Y.)
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11
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Zhang C, Li Y, Zhu A, Yang L, Du X, Hu Y, Yang X, Zhang F, Xie W. In situ monitoring of Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy on a bifunctional Au-Pd nanocoronal film. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Jiang CC, Li XC, Fan JA, Fu JY, Huang-Fu XN, Li JJ, Zheng JF, Zhou XS, Wang YH. Electrochemically activated carbon-halogen bond cleavage and C-C coupling monitored by in situ shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2022; 147:1341-1347. [PMID: 35244130 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The electroreductive cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds has attracted increasing attention in both electrosynthesis and pollution remediation. Herein, by employing the in situ electrochemical shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) technique, we have successfully investigated the electroreductive dehalogenation process of aryl halides with the thiol group on a smooth Au electrode in aqueous solution at different pH values. The obtained potential-dependent Raman spectra directly reveal a mixture of the reduction products 4,4'-biphenyldithiol (BPDT) and thiophenol (TP). The conversion ratios of the C-Cl and C-Br bonds at pH = 7 are 37% and 55%, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the intensity variations of ν(C-Cl), ν(C-Br) and aromatic ν(CC) stretching modes suggests electroreductive dehalogenation via both direct electron transfer reduction and electrocatalytic hydrodehalogenation. Molecular evidence for the C-C cross coupling process through TP reaction with benzene free radical intermediates is found at negative potentials, which leads to the increasing selectivity of biphenyl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Xiao-Chong Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jian-Ang Fan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jia-Ying Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Xu-Nan Huang-Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jia-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ju-Fang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Xiao-Shun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ya-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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