Endothelial cell membrane-based biosurface for targeted delivery to acute injury: analysis of leukocyte-mediated nanoparticle transportation

Cell-derived biomimetic nanoparticles for the targeted therapy of ALI/ARDS

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are common clinical critical diseases with high morbidity and mortality. Especially since the COVID-19 outbreak, the mortality rates of critically ill patients with ARDS can be as high as 60%. Therefore, this problem has become a matter of concern to respiratory critical care. To date, the main clinical measures for ALI/ARDS are mechanical ventilation and drug therapy. Although ventilation treatment reduces mortality, it increases the risk of hyperxemia, and drug treatment lacks safe and effective delivery methods. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies for ALI/ARDS are urgently needed. Developments in nanotechnology have allowed the construction of a safe, efficient, precise, and controllable drug delivery system. However, problems still encounter in the treatment of ALI/ARDS, such as the toxicity, poor targeting ability, and immunogenicity of nanomaterials. Cell-derived biomimetic nanodelivery drug systems have the advantages of low toxicity, long circulation, high targeting, and high bioavailability and show great therapeutic promises for ALI/ARDS owing to their acquired cellular biological features and some functions. This paper reviews ALI/ARDS treatments based on cell membrane biomimetic technology and extracellular vesicle biomimetic technology, aiming to achieve a significant breakthrough in ALI/ARDS treatments.

Therapeutic effects of tea polyphenol-loaded nanoparticles coated with platelet membranes on LPS-induced lung injury

Patients with ALI (acute lung injury)/ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) are often septic and with poor prognosis, which leads to a high mortality rate of 25-40%. Despite the advances in medicine, there are no effective pharmacological therapies for ALI/ARDS due to the short systemic circulation and poor specificity in the lungs. To address this problem, we prepared TP-loaded nanoparticles (TP-NPs) through the emulsification-and-evaporation method, and then the platelet membrane vesicles were extracted and coated onto the surface of the NPs to constitute the biomimetic PM@TP-NPs. In a LPS-induced ALI mouse model, PM@TP-NPs showed good biocompatibility and biosafety, which was evidenced by no significant toxic effect on cell viability and no hemolysis of red blood cells. In ALI mice, the PM@TP-NPs showed favorable anti-inflammation and enhanced therapeutic activity of TPs compared to the free drug. Administration of PM@TP-NPs effectively inhibited lung vascular injury, evidenced by the decreased lung vascular permeability, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine burden, evidenced by decreased inflammatory cell (macrophages, neutrophils, etc.) infiltration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues, and inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. ALI/ARDS is defined by damage to the alveolar epithelium and endothelium; thus, effective intervention targeting pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (VECs) is crucial for the treatment of respiratory diseases. For further determination of the targeting of PM cloaked NPs, healthy mice were also administered with the same NPs. Interestingly, the PM cloaked NPs only showed highly efficient targeting to the inflamed lungs and VECs, but no accumulation in healthy lungs and VECs. The data demonstrated that this biomimetic nanoplatform could be used as a potential strategy for personalized therapies in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as ALI/ARDS, and even COVID-19-associated pneumonia.

A Machine-Learning-Based Bibliometric Analysis of Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications over the Past Eleven Years

Cell membrane encapsulation is a growing concept in nanomedicine, for it achieves the purpose of camouflage nanoparticles, realizing the convenience for drug delivery, bio-imaging, and detoxification. Cell membranes are constructed by bilayer lipid phospholipid layers, which have unique properties in cellular uptake mechanism, targeting ability, immunomodulation, and regeneration. Current medical applications of cell membranes include cancers, inflammations, regenerations, and so on. In this article, a general bibliometric overview is conducted of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles covering 11 years of evolution in order to provide researchers in the field with a comprehensive view of the relevant achievements and trends. The authors analyze the data from Web of Science Core Collection database, and extract the annual publications and citations, most productive countries/regions, most influential scholars, the collaborations of journals and institutions. The authors also divided cell membranes into several subgroups to further understand the application of different cell membranes in medical scenarios. This study summarizes the current research overview in cell membrane-coated nanoparticles and intuitively provides a direction for future research.

Biogenesis of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Enclosed in Extracellular Vesicles by Mouse Renal Adenocarcinoma Cells

Integrating the versatility of synthetic nanoparticles to natural biomaterials, such as cells or cell membranes, has gained considerable attention as promising alternative cargo delivery platforms in recent years. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), natural nanomaterials composed of a protein-rich lipid bilayer secreted by cells, have also shown advantages and great potential as a nano delivery platform in combination with synthetic particles due to their specific natural properties in overcoming several biology hurdles possessed in the recipient cell. Therefore, the preservation of EV's origin properties is critical for their application as nanocarriers. This chapter will describe the encapsulation procedure of MSN encapsulated in EV membrane derived from mouse renal adenocarcinoma (Renca) cells through biogenesis. The FMSN-enclosed EVs produced through this approach still contain preserved EV's natural membrane properties.