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Wan Z, Ma P, Yu P, Wu J, Geng L, Peng X. Continuous dual-network alginate hydrogel fibers with superior mechanical and electrical performance for flexible multi-functional sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133151. [PMID: 38880440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel fibers play a crucial role in the design and manufacturing of flexible electronic devices. However, continuous production of hydrogel fibers with high strength, toughness, and conductivity remains a significant challenge. In this study, ion-conductive sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel fibers with an interlocked dual network structure were prepared through continuous wet spinning based on the pH-responsive dynamic borate ester bonds. Owing to the interlocked dual network structure, the resulting hydrogel fibers integrated superior performance of strength (4.31 MPa), elongation-at-break (>1500 %), ion conductivity (17.98 S m-1) and response sensitivity to strain (GF = 3.051). Benefiting from the excellent performance, the composite hydrogel fiber could be applied as motion-detecting sensors, including high-frequency, high-speed reciprocating mechanical motion, and human motion. Furthermore, the superior compatibility for human-computer interaction of the hydrogel fiber was also demonstrated, which a manipulator could be controlled to perform different actions, by a smart glove equipped with the hydrogel fiber sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China
| | - Pinchuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China
| | - Lihong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China.
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350118, China.
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2
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Liu Y, Tao J, Mo Y, Bao R, Pan C. Ultrasensitive Touch Sensor for Simultaneous Tactile and Slip Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313857. [PMID: 38335503 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Touch is a general term to describe mechanical stimuli. It is extremely difficult to develop touch sensors that can detect different modes of contact forces due to their low sensitivity and data decoupling. Simultaneously conducting tactile and slip sensing presents significant challenges for the design, structure, and performance of sensors. In this work, a highly sensitive sandwich-structured sensor is achieved by exploiting the porosity and compressive modulus of the sensor's functional layer materials. The sensor shows an ultra-high sensitivity of 1167 kPa-1 and a low-pressure detection limit of 1.34 Pa due to its considerably low compression modulus of 23.8 Pa. Due to this ultra-high sensitivity, coupled with spectral analysis, it allows for dual-mode detection of both tactile and slip sensations simultaneously. This novel fabrication strategy and signal analysis method provides a new direction for the development of tactile/slip sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Yepei Mo
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Rongrong Bao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Institute of Atomic Manufacturing, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Institute of Atomic Manufacturing, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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3
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Wu B, Xie Z, Shi Q, Yang J, Park CB, Gong P, Li G. Two-dimensional MXene nanosheets on nano-scale fibrils in hierarchical porous structure to achieve ultra-high sensitivity. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6961-6972. [PMID: 38362794 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05139k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The complex hybrid nanostructure combining a two-dimensional (2D) conductive material and a hierarchical nanoscale skeleton plays an important role to enhance its piezoresistive sensitivity. To construct such a novel hybrid nanostructure, a piezoresistive sensor was designed with the following strategy to take the full advantages of 2D MXene and nanoscale fibrils: ethylene oxide propylene oxide random copolymer (EOPO) was grafted to ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) molecular chains and was foamed by an environmentally-friendly supercritical CO2 (scCO2) foaming technology to fabricate abundant nanoscale EVOH fibrils surrounding micropores; MXene featured as a 2D structure of nanoscale size that strongly interacted with this hierarchical nanoscale skeleton, and MXene not only convolved on nanoscale fibrils to generate bumps but also MXene covered the end of broken fibrils to build spots, and furthermore, MXene adhered on the soft EOPO embedded EVOH fibrils to form wrinkles, in which these bumps, spots and wrinkles assembled by highly conductive 2D MXene offered sufficient contacts when the hierarchical nanoscale skeleton was compressed (these contacts would then destruct when the skeleton recovered). Such an elaborated hybrid nanostructural design exploits the full potential of 2D MXene and hence achieves an ultra-high sensitivity of 6895.0 kPa-1 for this fabricated MXene piezoresistive sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu JITRI Advanced Polymer Materials Research Institute, Tengfei Building, 88 Jiangmiao Road, Jiangbei New District, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghui Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiwu Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chul B Park
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, People's Republic of China.
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Pengjian Gong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 24 Yihuan Road, Nanyiduan, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, People's Republic of China.
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Ye L, Li X, Yi X, Tang P, Chen M. A 3D Composited Flexible Sensor Based on Percolative Nanoparticle Arrays to Discriminate Coupled Pressure and Strain. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5956. [PMID: 37447805 DOI: 10.3390/s23135956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible mechanical sensors based on nanomaterials operate on a deformation-response mechanism, making it challenging to discern different types of mechanical stimuli such as pressure and strain. Therefore, these sensors are susceptible to significant mechanical interference. Here, we introduce a multifunctional flexible sensor capable of discriminating coupled pressure and strain without cross-interference. Our design involves an elastic cantilever fixed on the pillar of the flexible main substrate, creating a three-dimensional (3D) substrate, and two percolative nanoparticle (NP) arrays are deposited on the cantilever and main substrate, respectively, as the sensing materials. The 3D flexible substrate could confine pressure/strain loading exclusively on the cantilever or main substrate, resulting in independent responses of the two nanoparticle arrays with no cross-interference. Benefitting from the quantum transport in nanoparticle arrays, our sensors demonstrate an exceptional sensitivity, enabling discrimination of subtle strains down to 1.34 × 10-4. Furthermore, the suspended cantilever with one movable end can enhance the pressure perception of the NP array, exhibiting a high sensitivity of -0.223 kPa-1 and an ultrahigh resolution of 4.24 Pa. This flexible sensor with multifunctional design will provide inspiration for the development of flexible mechanical sensors and the advancement of decoupling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xinlei Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xinle Yi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Pan Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Minrui Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Chen X, Zhang D, Luan H, Yang C, Yan W, Liu W. Flexible Pressure Sensors Based on Molybdenum Disulfide/Hydroxyethyl Cellulose/Polyurethane Sponge for Motion Detection and Speech Recognition Using Machine Learning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2043-2053. [PMID: 36571453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors with excellent performance have broad application potential in wearable devices, motion monitoring, and human-computer interaction. In this paper, a flexible pressure sensor with a porous structure is proposed by coating molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) on a polyurethane (PU) sponge skeleton. The obtained sensor has excellent sensitivity (0.746 kPa-1), a wide detection range (250 kPa), fast response (120 ms), and outstanding repeatability over 2000 cycles. It is proven that the sensor can realize human motion detection and distinguish the touch of varying strength. In addition, a pressure sensing array was fabricated to reflect the pressure distribution and recognize the writing of Arabic numerals. Finally, the sensor performs speech detection through throat muscle movements, and high-accuracy (97.14%) speech recognition for seven words was achieved by a machine learning algorithm based on the support vector machine (SVM). This work provides an opportunity to fabricate simple flexible pressure sensors with potential applications in next-generation electronic skin, health detection, and intelligent robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Chen
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Huixin Luan
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Chunqing Yang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Weiyu Yan
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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Liu R, Chen K, Liu H, Liu Y, Cong R, Guo J, Tian Y. High Performance Conductive Hydrogel for Strain Sensing Applications and Digital Image Mapping. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51341-51350. [PMID: 36327991 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A hydrogel strain sensor can successfully transform its deformation into resistance changes, offering novel options for the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). However, it remains challenging to prepare hydrogel sensors with superior performance (e.g., high conductivity). Here, we produced a conductive hydrogel (named PPC hydrogel) utilizing only three components, PVA (poly(vinyl alcohol)), PAAS (polyacrylate sodium), and CaCl2, through freezing cross-linking and ion chelation. The PPC hydrogel is endowed with high electrical conductivity of approximately 5.2 S/m without the addition of highly conductive materials due to the unique ionic cluster mesh structure, thus enabling an outstanding performance of strain sensing. The PPC hydrogel also maintains electrical conductivity in frozen and underwater conditions and resists swelling in underwater environments, allowing it to be used under water for extended periods of time (more than 15 days). The PPC hydrogel-based strain sensor can be used as a flexible electrode for electrocardiogram (ECG) and electromyogram (EMG) examinations and sensitively monitor human activity as well as recognize handwriting. Moreover, we designed a python-based visualization program combined with a PPC hydrogel array to implement pressure-sensing digital image mapping for remote IoT monitoring. As a flexible sensor for biosafety, the PPC hydrogel has potential applications in the field of intelligent sensing, the IoT, and even Internet of Body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Liu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Kun Chen
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - He Liu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Yiying Liu
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Rong Cong
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China
- Foshan Graduate School of Innovation, Northeastern University, Foshan 528300, China
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Nabeel M, Varga M, Kuzsella L, Fiser B, Vanyorek L, Viskolcz B. The Effect of Pore Volume on the Behavior of Polyurethane-Foam-Based Pressure Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173652. [PMID: 36080726 PMCID: PMC9459917 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, three different polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared by mixing commonly used isocyanate and polyol with different isocyanate indices (1.0:0.8, 1.0:1.0, 1.0:1.1). Then, the prepared polyurethane foam samples were coated by dip-coating with a fixed ratio of nitrogen-doped, bamboo-shaped carbon nanotubes (N-BCNTs) to obtain pressure sensor systems. The effect of the isocyanate index on the initial resistance, pressure sensitivity, gauge factor (GF), and repeatability of the N-BCNT/PU pressure sensor systems was studied. The pore volume was crucial in finetuning the PU-foam-based sensors ability to detect large strain. Furthermore, large pore volume provides suitable spatial pores for elastic deformation. Sensors with large pore volume can detect pressure of less than 3 kPa, which could be related to their sensitivity in the high range. Moreover, by increasing the pore volume, the electrical percolation threshold can be achieved with a minimal addition of nanofillers. On the other hand, PU with a smaller pore volume is more suitable to detect pressure above 3 kPa. The developed sensors have been successfully applied in many applications, such as motion monitoring and vibration detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Nabeel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
- Ministry of Science and Technology—Materials Research Directorate, Baghdad 10011, Iraq
| | - Miklós Varga
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - László Kuzsella
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Béla Fiser
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
- Ferenc Rakoczi II Transcarpathian Hungarian College of Higher Education, 90200 Beregszász, Transcarpathia, Ukraine
| | - László Vanyorek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
| | - Béla Viskolcz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Development of an Innovative Soft Piezoresistive Biomaterial Based on the Interconnection of Elastomeric PDMS Networks and Electrically-Conductive PEDOT:PSS Sponges. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030135. [PMID: 36135570 PMCID: PMC9500767 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A deeply interconnected flexible transducer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) was obtained as a material for the application of soft robotics. Firstly, transducers were developed by crosslinking PEDOT:PSS with 3-glycidyloxypropryl-trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) (1, 2 and 3% v/v) and using freeze-drying to obtain porous sponges. The PEDOT:PSS sponges were morphologically characterized, showing porosities mainly between 200 and 600 µm2; such surface area dimensions tend to decrease with increasing degrees of crosslinking. A stability test confirmed a good endurance for up to 28 days for the higher concentrations of the crosslinker tested. Consecutively, the sponges were electromechanically characterized, showing a repeatable and linear resistance variation by the pressure triggers within the limits of their working range (∆RR0 max = 80% for 1-2% v/v of GPTMS). The sponges containing 1% v/v of GPTMS were intertwined with a silicon elastomer to increase their elasticity and water stability. The flexible transducer obtained with this method exhibited moderately lower sensibility and repeatability than the PEDOT:PSS sponges, but the piezoresistive response remained stable under mechanical compression. Furthermore, the transducer displayed a linear behavior when stressed within the limits of its working range. Therefore, it is still valid for pressure sensing and contact detection applications. Lastly, the flexible transducer was submitted to preliminary biological tests that indicate a potential for safe, in vivo sensing applications.
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Chen K, Liu M, Wang F, Hu Y, Liu P, Li C, Du Q, Yu Y, Xiao X, Feng Q. Highly Transparent, Self-Healing, and Self-Adhesive Double Network Hydrogel for Wearable Sensors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:846401. [PMID: 35198546 PMCID: PMC8859421 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.846401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogel-based flexible electronic devices are essential in future healthcare and biomedical applications, such as human motion monitoring, advanced diagnostics, physiotherapy, etc. As a satisfactory flexible electronic material, the hydrogel should be conductive, ductile, self-healing, and adhesive. Herein, we demonstrated a unique design of mechanically resilient and conductive hydrogel with double network structure. The Ca2+ crosslinked alginate as the first dense network and the ionic pair crosslinked polyzwitterion as the second loose network. With the synthetic effect of these two networks, this hydrogel showed excellent mechanical properties, such as superior stretchability (1,375%) and high toughness (0.57 MJ/m3). At the same time, the abundant ionic groups of the polyzwitterion network endowed our hydrogel with excellent conductivity (0.25 S/m). Moreover, due to the dynamic property of these two networks, our hydrogel also performed good self-healing performance. Besides, our experimental results indicated that this hydrogel also had high optical transmittance (92.2%) and adhesive characteristics. Based on these outstanding properties, we further explored the utilization of this hydrogel as a flexible wearable strain sensor. The data strongly proved its enduring accuracy and sensitivity to detect human motions, including large joint flexion (such as finger, elbow, and knee), foot planter pressure measurement, and local muscle movement (such as eyebrow and mouth). Therefore, we believed that this hydrogel had great potential applications in wearable health monitoring, intelligent robot, human-machine interface, and other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, China
| | - Mingxiang Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunping Hu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Biomaterial, College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Qianqian Du
- Department of Biomaterial, College of Life Sciences, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Feng, ; Xiufeng Xiao, ; Yongsheng Yu,
| | - Xiufeng Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Feng, ; Xiufeng Xiao, ; Yongsheng Yu,
| | - Qian Feng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Feng, ; Xiufeng Xiao, ; Yongsheng Yu,
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