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Zhou M, Zhou C, Chen S, Xiong L, Jin S, Zhu M. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Electronic Structure Analysis of F 2-type Superatomic Molecules. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:23772-23779. [PMID: 39606902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
The investigation of bonding interactions between superatoms continues to be a largely unexplored area of study. In this study, we present the synthesis and characterization of two F2-type superatomic molecules [Au2Ag25(C7H4NOS)13(DPPB)3] and [Au9Ag18(C5H4NS)11(DPPM)5]2+ (Au2Ag25 and Au9Ag18 for short, respectively). The overall structures were confirmed via X-ray crystallography, revealing the horizontal expansion of the biicosahedral Au2Ag21 yielding [Au2Ag25(C7H4NOS)13(DPPB)3] and vertical expansion of the biicosahedral Au8Ag15 yielding [Au9Ag18(C5H4NS)11(DPPM)5]2+. Furthermore, their electronic structures were elucidated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Spectroscopic analysis of electronic absorption characteristics, in conjunction with Tamm-Dancoff approximation DFT (TDA-DFT) calculations, revealed that the Au2Ag21(+9) and Au8Ag15(+9) cores were analogues of the F2 molecule in electronic configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chuanjun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xiong
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, P. R. China
| | - Shan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
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Heo H, Cho S, Kim Y, Ahn S, Mok JH, Lee H, Lee D. Effective enrichment of glycated proteome using ultrasmall gold nanoclusters functionalized with boronic acid. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:20147-20154. [PMID: 39392422 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr03283g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Glycated proteins play a crucial role in various biological pathways and the pathogenesis of human diseases. A comprehensive analysis of glycated proteins is essential for understanding their biological significance. However, their low abundance and heterogeneity in complex biological samples necessitate an enrichment procedure prior to their detection. Current enrichment strategies primarily rely on the boronic acid (BA) affinity method combined with functional nanoparticles; however, the effectiveness of these approaches is often suboptimal. In this study, a novel nanocluster (NC)-based enrichment material was synthesized for the first time, characterized as Au22SG18 functionalized with 24 BA groups, in which SG is glutathione. The functionalized BA established a reversible covalent bond with the cis-dihydroxy group through pH adjustment, enabling selective enrichment of glycated peptides. After the optimization of the enrichment protocol, we demonstrated highly sensitive and selective enrichment of standard glycopeptides using the NC-based enrichment material, exhibiting excellent reusability. Efficient enrichment was also demonstrated for the glycated proteome from human serum. These results highlight the potential of the atomically well-defined ultrasmall Au NCs as a powerful tool for high-throughput analysis of glycated peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmae Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seonghyeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
- Basil Biotech, 157-20 Sinsong-ro, Incheon 22002, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soomin Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Hun Mok
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea
| | - Hookeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Wang J, Fan W, Cheng SB, Chen J. Tailoring the Superatomic Characteristics and Optical Behavior of Metal-Free Boron Clusters via Ligand Engineering. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:7869-7878. [PMID: 39231803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
It is of great importance to understand how the number and type of ligands influence the properties of clusters through ligand engineering, as this knowledge is crucial for the rational design and optimization of functional materials. Herein, the geometrical structures, binding energies, and electronic properties of nonmetallic Bn (n = 20 and 40) clusters with CO, PEt3, F, NO2, and CN ligands are systematically explored based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our findings demonstrate that the CO ligand acts as an electron donor when attached to these two boron clusters, in contrast to their role as electron acceptors in interactions with metal oxide and metal chalcogenide clusters. This emphasizes the necessity of considering the intrinsic properties of the host cluster when modifying with ligands. Moreover, it was observed that substituting PEt3 with F, NO2, or CN converted the B20 cluster from an electron acceptor to an electron donor, thereby demonstrating the versatility in tuning the redox characteristics of boron clusters by selecting appropriate ligands. Intriguingly, the attachment of the PEt3, F, NO2, and CN ligands to B20 can significantly modulate the electronic properties of B20 to realize the formation of metal-free superalkali (B20(PEt3)n, n = 3-5) and superhalogen (B20F, B20NO2, and B20CN) clusters. Furthermore, the structure, stability, and optical absorption of the charge transfer complex B20(PEt3)3+B20F were analyzed. This complex has been identified as an efficient material for harvesting visible light. Our findings provide insights into the effects of ligand variations on boron cluster functionalities, offering a new perspective for the design of advanced materials with tailored cluster properties through ligand engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiliu Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bo Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
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Mondal I, Samanta D, Shaik MAS, Shaw M, Bhattacharya A, Basu R, Pathak A. Influence of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots on H • Radical-Mediated Au-H Formation in the Hydrogenation of 4-Nitrophenol Using NCDs-Au Nanohybrids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:19228-19238. [PMID: 39186469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol using carbon dot-stabilized gold (Au) nanoparticles is well-studied, with Au-H species known to catalyze the reaction. However, the impact of specific nitrogen moieties in nitrogen-doped carbon dots on Au-H formation and catalytic activity remains unexplored. These nitrogen species, acting as surface ligands, may influence the catalytic properties through the generation of Au-H species via H• radicals. In this regard, modulation of the catalytic properties of Au nanoparticles has been explored by conjugating their surface with nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs). Three distinct nanohybrid formulations comprising NCDs and Au nanoparticles (i.e., NCDs-Au) have been prepared, where the NCDs were derived from different carbon sources (e.g., citric acid and l-malic acid) and varying mole ratios of the nitrogen source (i.e., urea). The impact of NCDs on Au nanoparticle-mediated catalysis has been investigated using the model reaction of hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in the presence of NaBH4. The fractions of different nitrogen species (such as pyrrolic, pyridinic, and amidic) in the different NCDs-Au nanohybrids were quantified through XPS analysis, and their roles in catalytic performance have been studied. Further, the size, shape, crystallinity, defects, and exposed facets of the NCDs-Au nanohybrids have also been assessed (through XRD, HRTEM, and Raman studies), and their structure-activity relationships have been corroborated. The hydrogenation of 4-NP is proposed to happen through the formation of gold-hydride (Au-H) species facilitated by H• radicals, as confirmed by EPR analysis. The NCDs-Au nanohybrid, synthesized from NCDs derived from a 1:3 molar ratio of l-malic acid and urea (MU13-Au), exhibits superior catalytic efficiency with a rate constant of 1.013 min-1, attributed to its abundant defects and a notably high relative content of catalytically favorable pyridinic nitrogen species compared to other tested nanohybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, W.B., 721302, India
| | - Dipanjan Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, W.B., 721302, India
| | - Md Abdus Salam Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, W.B., 721302, India
| | - Manisha Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, W.B., 721302, India
| | - Angana Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, W.B., 721302, India
| | - Rajarshi Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, W.B., 721302, India
| | - Amita Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, W.B., 721302, India
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Kumar P, Khirid S, Jangid DK, Nishad CS, Chauhan P, Kumari P, Meena S, Bose SK, Kumar A, Banerjee B, Dhayal RS. Dithiophosphonate-Protected Eight-Electron Superatomic Ag 21 Nanocluster: Synthesis, Isomerism, Luminescence, and Catalytic Activity. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13724-13737. [PMID: 38970493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The structure-property relationship considering isomerism-tuned photoluminescence and efficient catalytic activity of silver nanoclusters (NCs) is exclusive. Asymmetrical dithiophosphonate NH4[S2P(OR)(p-C6H4OCH3)] ligated first atomically precise silver NCs [Ag21{S2P(OR)(p-C6H4OCH3)}12]PF6 {where, R = nPr (1), Et (2)} were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, NMR (31P, 1H, 2H), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-visible, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, etc. NCs 1 and 2 consist of eight silver atoms in a cubic framework and enclose an Ag@Ag12-centered icosahedron to constitute an Ag21 core of Th symmetry, which is concentrically inscribed within the S24 snub-cube, P12 cuboctahedron, and the O12 truncated tetrahedron formed by 12 dithiophosphonate ligands. These NCs facilitate to be an eight-electron superatom (1S21P6), in which eight capping Ag atoms exhibit structural isomerism with documented isoelectronic [Ag21{S2P(OiPr)2}12]PF6, 3. In contrast to 3, the stapling of dithiophosphonates in 1 and 2 triggered bluish emission within the 400 to 500 nm region at room temperature. The density functional theory study rationalized isomerization and optical properties of 1, 2, and 3. Both (1, and 2) clusters catalyzed a decarboxylative acylarylation reaction for rapid oxindole synthesis in 99% yield under ambient conditions and proposed a multistep reaction pathway. Ultimately, this study links nanostructures to their physical and catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Samreet Khirid
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Jangid
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | | | - Poonam Chauhan
- Department of Physics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Priti Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Sangeeta Meena
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Bose
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences (CNMS), Jain (Deemed-to-be-University), Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Physics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Biplab Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Rajendra S Dhayal
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
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6
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Kim JS, Park N, Kwak SJ, Jeon Y, Lee G, Kim Y, Lee WB, Park J. Structure Effects of Ligands in Gold-Ligand Complexes for Controlled Formation of Gold Nanoclusters. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14244-14254. [PMID: 38758709 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs) are a special class of nanoparticles composed of a precise number of metal atoms and ligands. Because the proportion of ligands to metal atoms is high in metal NCs, the ligand type determines the physical properties of metal NCs. Furthermore, ligands presumably govern the entire formation process of the metal NCs. However, their roles in the synthesis, especially as factors in the uniformity of metal NCs, are not understood. It is because the synthetic procedure of metal NCs is highly convoluted. The synthesis is initiated by the formation of various metal-ligand complexes, which have different numbers of atoms and ligands, resulting in different coordinations of metal. Moreover, these complexes, as actual precursors to metal NCs, undergo sequential transformations into a series of intermediate NCs before the formation of the desired NCs. Thus, to resolve the complicated synthesis of metal NCs and achieve their uniformity, it is important to investigate the reactivity of the complexes. Herein, we utilize a combination of mass spectrometry, density functional theory, and electrochemical measurements to understand the ligand effects on the reactivity of AuI-thiolate complexes toward the reductive formation of Au NCs. We discover that the stability of the complexes can be increased by either van der Waals interactions induced by the long carbon chain of ligands or by non-thiol functional groups in the ligands, which additionally coordinate with AuI in the complexes. Such structural effects of thiol ligands determine the reduction reactivity of the complexes and the amount of NaBH4 required for the controlled synthesis of the Au NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Soo Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Namjun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Kwak
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggoon Jeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuhan Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Younhwa Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Process, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
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Masuda S, Sakamoto K, Tsukuda T. Atomically precise Au and Ag nanoclusters doped with a single atom as model alloy catalysts. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4514-4528. [PMID: 38294320 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05857c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Gold and silver nanoclusters (NCs) composed of <200 atoms are novel catalysts because their catalytic properties differ significantly from those of the corresponding bulk surface and can be dramatically tuned by the size (number of atoms). Doping with other metals is a promising approach for improving the catalytic performance of Au and Ag NCs. However, elucidation of the origin of the doping effects and optimization of the catalytic performance are hampered by the technical challenge of controlling the number and location of the dopants. In this regard, atomically precise Au or Ag (Au/Ag) NCs protected by ligands or polymers have recently emerged as an ideal platform because they allow regioselective substitution of single Au/Ag constituent atoms while retaining the size and morphology of the NC. Heterogeneous Au/Ag NC catalysts doped with a single atom can also be prepared by controlled calcination of ligand-protected NCs on solid supports. Comparison of thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis between the single-atom-doped and undoped Au/Ag NCs has revealed that the single-atom doping effect can be attributed to an electronic or geometric origin, depending on the dopant element and position. This minireview summarizes the recent progress of the synthesis and catalytic application of single-atom-doped, atomically precise Au/Ag NC catalysts and provides future prospects for the rational development of active and selective metal NC catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Han SM, Song S, Yi H, Sim E, Lee D. Synthesis of RhH-doped Au-Ag alloy nanoclusters and dopant evolution. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:4851-4857. [PMID: 38314888 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05654f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Doping atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs) with heterometals is a powerful method for tuning the physicochemical properties of the original NCs at the atomic level. While the heterometals incorporated into metal NCs are limited to group 10-12 metals with closed d-shells, the doping of open d-shell metals remains largely unexplored. Herein, we report the synthesis of Rh-doped Au-Ag alloy NCs by a metal-exchange reaction of [RhHAg24(SPhMe2)18]2- NCs with an Au-thiolate complex. Combined experimental and theoretical structural studies revealed that the synthesized product is a dianionic [RhHAuxAg24-x(SPhMe2)18]2- NC (x = 8-12), consisting of RhH dopant, Au-rich kernel, and Ag-thiolate staple motifs, with the superatomic 8-electron configuration (1S21P6). Under aerobic conditions, the synthesized NCs underwent kernel evolution to generate a 6-electron [RhAuxAg24-x(SPhMe2)18]1- NC (1S21P4), which was initiated by the desorption of hydride from the kernel. Structural analysis of the [RhHAuxAg24-x(SPhMe2)18]2- NC suggests that the kernel evolution is induced by the change in chemical bonds surrounding the hydride in the Au-rich kernel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Myeong Han
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suhwan Song
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hanseok Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunji Sim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Pinacho-Olaciregui J, Verde-Sesto E, Taton D, Pomposo JA. Gold Nanoclusters Synthesized within Single-Chain Nanoparticles as Catalytic Nanoreactors in Water. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:378. [PMID: 38337267 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are able to catalyze complex biochemical reactions in cellular (aqueous) media with high efficiency. In recent years, a variety of metal-containing single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) have been synthesized as simplified metalloenzyme-mimetic nano-objects. However, most of the metal-containing SCNPs reported so far contained complexed metal ions but not metal nanoclusters (NCs) with diameter <5 nm, which could be used as powerful, emerging catalysts. Herein, we report the synthesis of gold nanoclusters (Au-NCs) within SCNPs and the further use of Au-NCs/SCNPs as catalytic nanoreactors in water. We demonstrate that a common motif contained in several drugs (i.e., the aminophenyl-oxazolidinone fragment present in Rivaroxaban, Sutezolid, and Linezolid) can be efficiently prepared in water from a hydrophobic precursor compound by using the Au-NCs/SCNPs as efficient catalytic nanoreactors. In summary, this work paves the way forthe synthesis of metal-NCs/SCNPs for advanced catalysis in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jokin Pinacho-Olaciregui
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, Pº Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux INP-ENSCBP, 16 av. Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac CEDEX, France
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, Pº Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniel Taton
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux INP-ENSCBP, 16 av. Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac CEDEX, France
| | - José A Pomposo
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics Center MPC, Pº Manuel Lardizabal 5, E-20018 Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Departamento de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados, Física, Química y Tecnología, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Pº Manuel Lardizabal 3, E-20800 Donostia, Spain
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Li Y, Mu Z, Yuan Y, Zhou J, Bai L, Qing M. An enzymatic activity regulation-based clusterzyme sensor array for high-throughput identification of heavy metal ions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131501. [PMID: 37119573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The accurate identification and sensitive quantification of heavy metal ions are of great significance, considering that pose a serious threat to environment and human health. Most array-based sensing platforms, to date, utilize nanozymes as sensing elements, but few studies have explored the application of the peroxidase-like activity of clusterzymes in identification of multiple analytes. Herein, for the first time, we developed a clusterzyme sensor array utilizing gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) as sensing elements for five heavy metal ions identification including Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Co2+. The heavy metal ions can differentially regulate the peroxidase-like activity of AuNCs, and that can be converted into colorimetric signals with 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as the chromogenic substrate. Subsequently, the generated composite responses can be interpreted by combining pattern recognition algorithms. The developed clusterzyme sensor array can identify five heavy metal ions at concentrations as low as 0.5 μM and their multi-component mixtures. Especially, we demonstrated the successful identification of multiple heavy metal ions in tap water and traditional Chinese medicine, with an accuracy of 100% in blind test. This study provided a simple and effective method for identification and quantification of heavy metal ions, rendering a promising technique for environmental monitoring and drug safety assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyuan Li
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Zhaode Mu
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yonghua Yuan
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lijuan Bai
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
| | - Min Qing
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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Artem'ev AV, Liu CW. Recent progress in dichalcophosphate coinage metal clusters and superatoms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37184074 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01215h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise clusters of group 11 metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) attract considerable attention owing to their remarkable structure and fascinating properties. One of the unique subclasses of these clusters is based on dichalcophosphate ligands of [(RO)2PE2]- type (E = S or Se, and R = alkyl). These ligands successfully stabilise the most diverse Cu, Ag, and Au clusters and superatoms, spanning from simple ones to amazing assemblies featuring unusual structural and bonding patterns. It is noteworthy that such complicated clusters are assembled directly from cheap and simple reagents, metal(I) salts and dichalcophosphate anions. This reaction, when performed in the presence of a hydride or other anion sources, or foreign metal ions, results in hydrido- or anion-templated homo- or heteronuclear structures. In this feature article, we survey the recent advances in this exciting field, highlighting the powerful synthetic capabilities of the system "a metal(I) salt - [(RO)2PX2]- ligands - a templating anion or borohydride" as an inexhaustible platform for the creation of new atomically precise clusters, superatoms, and nanoalloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Artem'ev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS, 3, Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - C W Liu
- National Dong Hwa University, Department of Chemistry, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd. Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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12
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Li S, Du X, Liu Z, Li Y, Shao Y, Jin R. Size Effects of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters in Catalysis. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2023; 1:14-28. [PMID: 37025974 PMCID: PMC10069034 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.3c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of ligand-protected, atomically precise gold nanoclusters (NCs) in recent years has attracted broad interest in catalysis due to their well-defined atomic structures and intriguing properties. Especially, the precise formulas of NCs provide an opportunity to study the size effects at the atomic level without complications by the polydispersity in conventional nanoparticles that obscures the relationship between the size/structure and properties. Herein, we summarize the catalytic size effects of atomically precise, thioate-protected gold NCs in the range of tens to hundreds of metal atoms. The catalytic reactions include electrochemical catalysis, photocatalysis, and thermocatalysis. With the precise sizes and structures, the fundamentals underlying the size effects are analyzed, such as the surface area, electronic properties, and active sites. In the catalytic reactions, one or more factors may exert catalytic effects simultaneously, hence leading to different catalytic-activity trends with the size change of NCs. The summary of literature work disentangles the underlying fundamental mechanisms and provides insights into the size effects. Future studies will lead to further understanding of the size effects and shed light on the catalytic active sites and ultimately promote catalyst design at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Site Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiangsha Du
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zhongyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yingwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yucai Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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13
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Bevilacqua M, Roverso M, Bogialli S, Graiff C, Biffis A. From Au 11 to Au 13: Tailored Synthesis of Superatomic Di-NHC/PPh 3-Stabilized Molecular Gold Nanoclusters. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1383-1393. [PMID: 36638827 PMCID: PMC9890486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a new method to synthesize molecular gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) stabilized by phosphine (PR3) and di-N-heterocyclic carbene (di-NHC) ligands. The interaction of di-NHC gold(I) complexes, with the general formula [(di-NHC)Au2Cl2] with well-known [Au11(PPh3)8Cl2]Cl clusters provides three new classes of AuNCs through a controllable reaction sequence. The synthesis involves an initial ligand metathesis reaction to produce [Au11(di-NHC)(PPh3)6Cl2]+ (type 1 clusters), followed by a thermally induced rearrangement/metal complex addition with the formation of Au13 clusters [Au13(di-NHC)2(PPh3)4Cl4]+ (type 2 clusters). Finally, an additional metathesis process yields [Au13(di-NHC)3(PPh3)3Cl3]2+ (type 3 clusters). The electronic and steric properties of the employed di-NHC ligand affect the product distribution, leading to the isolation and full characterization of different clusters as the main product. A type 3 cluster has been also structurally characterized and was preliminarily found to be strongly emissive in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bevilacqua
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131Padova, Italy,Consorzio
per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi (CIRCC), c/o Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via
F. Marzolo 1, 35131Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Roverso
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Graiff
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Biffis
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131Padova, Italy,Consorzio
per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi (CIRCC), c/o Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Via
F. Marzolo 1, 35131Padova, Italy,
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14
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Sufyan SA, van Devener B, Perez P, Nigra MM. Electronic Tuning of Gold Nanoparticle Active Sites for Reduction Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1210-1218. [PMID: 36580656 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electronic tuning of active sites in heterogeneous catalysis with organic ligands remains challenging since the ligands are often bound to the most active sites on the catalysts' surfaces. In this work, gold nanoparticles, which are on average less than 2 nm in diameter, are synthesized with strongly binding thiol and phosphine ligands and have measurable quantities of accessible sites on their surfaces in both cases. Triphenylphosphine (TPP) is used as the phosphine ligand, while triphenylmethyl mercaptan (TPMT) serves as the thiol ligand. Phosphines are chosen because they are electron-donating ligands when bound to Au, and thiols are selected because they are electron-withdrawing on the Au surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show differences in the Au 4f binding energies between the TPP- and TPMT-bound Au nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements of bound CO indicate that the TPP-bound Au nanoparticles are more electron-rich than the TPMT-bound Au nanoparticles. The number of binding sites on the surface is quantified using 2-naphthalenethiol titration experiments. It is observed that the number of binding sites on the thiol and phosphine-bound Au nanoparticles is similar in both cases. The Au nanoparticles are used for three different reactions: resazurin reduction, CO oxidation, and benzyl alcohol oxidation. For both CO oxidation and benzyl alcohol oxidation, which are performed with the ligands attached, TPP- and TPMT-bound nanoparticles are both catalytically active. However, for resazurin reduction, the TPMT-bound Au nanoparticles are not active, while the TPP-bound Au nanoparticles are catalytically active. These results illustrate that the catalytic activity can be tuned using bound organic ligands with different electronic properties for reduction reactions using Au nanoparticle catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Abu Sufyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Brian van Devener
- Electron Microscopy and Surface Analysis Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Paulo Perez
- Electron Microscopy and Surface Analysis Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Michael M Nigra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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15
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McCandler CA, Dahl JC, Persson KA. Phosphine-Stabilized Hidden Ground States in Gold Clusters Investigated via a Au n(PH 3) m Database. ACS NANO 2022; 17:1012-1021. [PMID: 36584276 PMCID: PMC9879275 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoclusters are promising materials for catalysis and sensing due to their large surface areas and unique electronic structures which can be tailored through composition, geometry, and chemistry. However, relationships correlating synthesis parameters directly to outcomes are limited. While previous computational studies have mapped the potential energy surface of specific systems of bare nanoclusters by generating and calculating the energies of reasonable structures, it is known that environmental ions and ligands crucially impact the final shape and size. In this work, phosphine-stabilized gold is considered as a test system and DFT calculations are performed for clusters with and without ligands, producing a database containing >10000 structures for Aun(PH3)m (n ≤ 12). We find that the ligation of phosphines affects the thermodynamic stability, bonding, and electronic structure of Au nanoclusters, specifically such that "hidden" ground state cluster geometries are stabilized that are dynamically unstable in the pure gold system. Further, the addition of phosphine introduces steric effects that induce a transition from planar to nonplanar structures at 4-5 Au atoms rather than up to 13-14 Au atoms, as previously predicted for bare clusters. This work highlights the importance of considering the ligand environment in the prediction of nanocluster morphology and functionality, which adds complexity as well as a rich opportunity for tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A. McCandler
- Department of Materials Science,
University of California, Berkeley, California94720,
United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United
States
| | - Jakob C. Dahl
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United
States
- Department of Chemistry, University of
California, Berkeley, California94720, United
States
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United
States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Department of Materials Science,
University of California, Berkeley, California94720,
United States
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United
States
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16
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Li R, Fan L, Chen S, Wang L, Cui Y, Ma G, Zhang X, Liu Z. Zwitterionic Sulfhydryl Sulfobetaine Stabilized Platinum Nanoparticles for Enhanced Dopamine Detection and Antitumor Ability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55201-55216. [PMID: 36458592 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, three kinds of molecules were used to modify the surface of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) to tune their surface charge. Zwitterionic thiol-functionalized sulfobetaine (SH-SB) stabilized Pt NPs (SH-SB/Pt NPs) had the highest oxidase activity and peroxidase activity in the prepared platinum nanozymes due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. In addition, a colorimetric dopamine detection method was established based on the peroxidase activity of SH-SB/Pt NPs. This method had a wide range (0-120 μM), a low detection limit (0.244 μM), and high specificity. More importantly, SH-SB/Pt NPs displayed little hemolysis and good stability in the presence of proteins. SH-SB/Pt NPs demonstrated high cytotoxicity in vitro and good antitumor ability in vivo, which was attributed to the photothermal conversion ability of SH-SB/Pt NPs and the generation of reactive oxygen species in the acidic environment. The surface modification of nanozymes using zwitterionic molecules opens a new method to improve the catalytic activity and antitumor ability of nanozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
| | - Shengfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310027, China
| | - Longgang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
| | - Yanshuai Cui
- Hebei University of Environmental Engineering, Qinhuangdao066102, China
| | - Guanglong Ma
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO166YD, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066004, China
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17
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Alkynyl ligands-induced growth of ultrathin nanowires arrays. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 627:640-649. [PMID: 35878458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ligands are almost essential in the synthesis of nanostructures. In this work, we introduce the alkynyl ligands into the synthesis of ultrathin gold (Au) nanowires arrays. The strong binding affinity of the alkynyl ligands enables one-dimensional (1D) growth via the active surface growth mechanism. The scope of the ligand generality was systematically investigated, and the alkynyl ligand-induced nanowire growth processes were compared and contrasted with those involving thiolated ligands. While strong ligands are usually difficult to dissociate from the nanostructure surface and therefore problematic for post-synthetic processing, the alkynyl ligands are readily dissociable, making the alkynyl ligand-stabilized Au nanowires potentially more modifiable and applicable. As a demonstration, direct palladium (Pd) deposition on the Au nanowires was successfully carried out without any ligand exchange process.
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18
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Zhang X, Qiao J, Liu W, Qi L. l-Proline-methyl ester derivative-modulated synthesis of gold nanoclusters with promoted peroxidase-mimic activity for monitoring of ofloxacin. Analyst 2022; 147:3924-3929. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ligands greatly affect the catalytic-properties of AuNCs-nanozymes in TMB oxidation. Adding ofloxacin enhanced the POD-mimic-activity of POMe@AuNCs upon greater ROS yield. A protocol was proposed for monitoring serum ofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P. R. China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P. R. China
| | - Li Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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19
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First-Principles Study of Pt-Based Bifunctional Oxygen Evolution & Reduction Electrocatalyst: Interplay of Strain and Ligand Effects. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14227814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of Pt-based Pt3M/Pt nanoalloy catalysts (where M represents a 3d transition metal) for bifunctional electrocatalysts using spin-polarized density functional theory calculations. First, the stability of the Pt3M/Pt catalyst was investigated by calculating the bulk formation energy and surface separation energy. Using the calculated adsorption energies for the OER/ORR intermediates in the modeled catalysts, we predicted the OER/ORR overpotentials and potential limiting steps for each catalyst. The origins of the enhanced catalytic reactivity in Pt3M/Pt catalysts caused by strain and ligand effects are explained separately. In addition, compared to Pt(111), the OER and ORR activities in a Pt3Ni/Ptskin catalyst with a Pt skin layer were increased by 13.7% and 18.4%, respectively, due to the strain and ligand effects. It was confirmed that compressive strain and ligand effects are key factors in improving the catalytic performance of OER/ORR bifunctional catalysts.
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