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Chang X, Xu Y, von Delius M. Recent advances in supramolecular fullerene chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:47-83. [PMID: 37853792 PMCID: PMC10759306 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene chemistry has come a long way since 1990, when the first bulk production of C60 was reported. In the past decade, progress in supramolecular chemistry has opened some remarkable and previously unexpected opportunities regarding the selective (multiple) functionalization of fullerenes and their (self)assembly into larger structures and frameworks. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of these recent developments. We describe how macrocycles and cages that bind strongly to C60 can be used to block undesired addition patterns and thus allow the selective preparation of single-isomer addition products. We also discuss how the emergence of highly shape-persistent macrocycles has opened opportunities for the study of photoactive fullerene dyads and triads as well as the preparation of mechanically interlocked compounds. The preparation of two- or three-dimensional fullerene materials is another research area that has seen remarkable progress over the past few years. Due to the rapidly decreasing price of C60 and C70, we believe that these achievements will translate into all fields where fullerenes have traditionally (third-generation solar cells) and more recently been applied (catalysis, spintronics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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2
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Tanuma Y, Kladnik G, Schio L, van Midden Mavrič M, Anézo B, Zupanič E, Bavdek G, Canton-Vitoria R, Floreano L, Tagmatarchis N, Wegner HA, Morgante A, Ewels CP, Cvetko D, Arčon D. Noncontact Layer Stabilization of Azafullerene Radicals: Route toward High-Spin-Density Surfaces. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25301-25310. [PMID: 38085812 PMCID: PMC10753892 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
We deposit azafullerene C59N• radicals in a vacuum on the Au(111) surface for layer thicknesses between 0.35 and 2.1 monolayers (ML). The layers are characterized using X-ray photoemission (XPS) and X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and by density functional calculations (DFT). The singly unoccupied C59N orbital (SUMO) has been identified in the N 1s NEXAFS/XPS spectra of C59N layers as a spectroscopic fingerprint of the molecular radical state. At low molecular coverages (up to 1 ML), films of monomeric C59N are stabilized with the nonbonded carbon orbital neighboring the nitrogen oriented toward the Au substrate, whereas in-plane intermolecular coupling into diamagnetic (C59N)2 dimers takes over toward the completion of the second layer. By following the C59N• SUMO peak intensity with increasing molecular coverage, we identify an intermediate high-spin-density phase between 1 and 2 ML, where uncoupled C59N• monomers in the second layer with pronounced radical character are formed. We argue that the C59N• radical stabilization of this supramonolayer phase of monomers is achieved by suppressed coupling to the substrate. This results from molecular isolation on top of the passivating azafullerene contact layer, which can be explored for molecular radical state stabilization and positioning on solid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Tanuma
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center
for Advanced Research of Energy and Materials (CAREM), Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Gregor Kladnik
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- CNR-IOM, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Basovizza Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Schio
- CNR-IOM, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Basovizza Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Bastien Anézo
- Institut
des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel (IMN), UMR 6502 CNRS, Nantes University, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Erik Zupanič
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Bavdek
- CNR-IOM, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Basovizza Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Faculty
of
Education, University of Ljubljana, Kardeljeva ploščad
16, SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ruben Canton-Vitoria
- Theoretical
and Physical Chemistry Institute, National
Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Basovizza Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical
and Physical Chemistry Institute, National
Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University
Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center
for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus
Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alberto Morgante
- CNR-IOM, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Basovizza Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Physics
Department, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Christopher P. Ewels
- Institut
des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel (IMN), UMR 6502 CNRS, Nantes University, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Dean Cvetko
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- CNR-IOM, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Basovizza Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Denis Arčon
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Griwatz JH, Kessler ML, Wegner HA. Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Cycloparaphenylene Building Blocks on a Large Scale. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302173. [PMID: 37534817 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of [n]cycloparaphenylenes ([n]CPPs) and similar nanohoops is usually based on combining building blocks to a macrocyclic precursor, which is then aromatized in the final step. Access to those building blocks in large amounts will simplify the synthesis and studies of CPPs as novel functional materials for applications. Herein, we report a continuous-flow synthesis of key CPP building blocks by using versatile synthesis techniques such as electrochemical oxidation, lithiations and Suzuki cross-couplings in self-built reactors on up-to kilogram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Griwatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mika L Kessler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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4
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Kurosu S, Hata S, Ukai T, Mashiko Y, Choi S, Minakawa T, Tanuma Y, Maekawa T. Thermal treatment of water-soluble particles formed by compounds composed of carbon nanobelts and C 60 molecules. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18480. [PMID: 37898707 PMCID: PMC10613224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It was previously shown that spherical particles are self-assembled by compounds composed of C60-(6,6)CNB-C60, where CNB stands for "carbon nanobelt", by mixing two individual solutions of C60 and (6,6)CNB molecules dissolved in 1,2-dichlorobenzene at room temperature. The particles are monodisperse in water thanks to their high absolute value of the zeta potential in water. In this report, we investigate the effect of thermal treatment of the particles on some changes in the physical properties and structures. We find that the particles become electrically conductive after thermal treatment at 600 °C for 1 h. We suppose that the change in the electrical characteristics might have been caused by the structural change of (6,6)CNBs into opened-up ribbons composed of fused benzene rings, which construct networks supported by C60 molecules in the particles, judging by the change in the absorption and mass spectra of the particles after thermal treatment and analysis of a possible change in the structure of C60-(6,6)CNB-C60 based on quantum chemical calculations employing the PM6 method, with which it is known that nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and (6,6)CNBs can be correctly estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Kurosu
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, 350-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Sayaca Hata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Ukai
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, 350-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Yuta Mashiko
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Sieun Choi
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Takanobu Minakawa
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, 350-8585, Japan
| | - Yuri Tanuma
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, 350-8585, Japan
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, 350-8585, Japan.
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, 350-8585, Japan.
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5
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Ikemoto K, Takahashi K, Ozawa T, Isobe H. Akaike's Information Criterion for Stoichiometry Inference of Supramolecular Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219059. [PMID: 36764927 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
"How do we decide the stoichiometry of host-guest complexes?" This question has long been answered by the Job plot since its first report in 1928. However, as the Job plot was claimed to be misleading in 2016, the question became an open question again and called for renewed investigations. An information-theoretic approach, called Akaike's information criterion, is introduced in this study to select the best model of host-guest complexes, which can rank the models with weight of evidence. A few test cases with unique cylindrical hosts were examined to demonstrate the applicability of the information-theoretic method. Consequently, reasonable views over the thermodynamic behaviors of dumbbell-and-cylinder complexes were obtained. Akaike's information criterion can be a useful and superior alternative to statistical null hypothesis testing, which was proposed as a remedy in place of the Job plot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ikemoto
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kanato Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeaki Ozawa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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6
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Freiberger M, Minameyer MB, Solymosi I, Frühwald S, Krug M, Xu Y, Hirsch A, Clark T, Guldi DM, von Delius M, Amsharov K, Görling A, Pérez-Ojeda ME, Drewello T. Two Rings Around One Ball: Stability and Charge Localization of [1 : 1] and [2 : 1] Complex Ions of [10]CPP and C 60/70 [ * ]. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203734. [PMID: 36507855 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the gas-phase chemistry of noncovalent complexes of [10]cycloparaphenylene ([10]CPP) with C60 and C70 by means of atmospheric pressure photoionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The literature-known [1 : 1] complexes, namely [10]CPP⊃C60 and [10]CPP⊃C70 , are observed as radical cations and anions. Their stability and charge distribution are studied using energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (ER-CID). These measurements reveal that complexes with a C70 core exhibit a greater stability and, on the other hand, that the radical cations are more stable than the respective radical anions. Regarding the charge distribution, in anionic complexes charges are exclusively located on C60 or C70 , while the charges reside on [10]CPP in the case of cationic complexes. [2 : 1] complexes of the ([10]CPP2 ⊃C60/70 )+ ⋅/- ⋅ type are observed for the first time as isolated solitary gas-phase species. Here, C60 -based [2 : 1] complexes are less stable than the respective C70 analogues. By virtue of the high stability of cationic [1 : 1] complexes, [2 : 1] complexes show a strongly reduced stability of the radical cations. DFT analyses of the minimum geometries as well as molecular dynamics calculations support the experimental data. Furthermore, our novel gas-phase [2 : 1] complexes are also found in 1,2-dichlorobenzene. Insights into the thermodynamic parameters of the binding process as well as the species distribution are derived from isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Freiberger
- Physical Chemistry I Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin B Minameyer
- Physical Chemistry I Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iris Solymosi
- Organic Chemistry II Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Frühwald
- Theoretical Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcel Krug
- Physical Chemistry I Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Youzhi Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Organic Chemistry II Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry-Center Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Physical Chemistry I Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Organic Chemistry Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Theoretical Chemistry Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Eugenia Pérez-Ojeda
- Organic Chemistry II Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Physical Chemistry I Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Choi S, Kurosu S, Mashiko Y, Minakawa T, Maekawa T. Room temperature synthesis of water-soluble spherical particles of a uniform diameter composed of carbon nanobelts and C 60 molecules. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15207. [PMID: 36076008 PMCID: PMC9458716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A carbon nanobelt (CNB) is a loop of fused benzene rings and a C60 molecule is a football shaped fullerene composed of 60 carbon atoms. In this study, we synthesize uniform spherical particles composed of (6,6)CNBs and C60 molecules in 1,2-dichlorobenzene at room temperature via bottom-up self-assembly, setting the molar concentrations of (6,6)CNBs and C60 molecules at appropriate values, and find that the particles are monodisperse even in water. The present room temperature synthetic methodology may well be applied to the creation of nano/micro structures/materials using basic carbon nano units such as cycloparaphenylene (CPP, carbon nanorings) and fullerenes; e.g., C60, C70 and C59N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieun Choi
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Shunji Kurosu
- Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Yuta Mashiko
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Takanobu Minakawa
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, Japan. .,Bio-Nano Electronics Research Centre, Toyo University, 2100, Kujirai, Kawagoe, Japan.
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8
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Kohrs D, Volkmann J, Wegner HA. Cycloparaphenylenes via [2+2+2] Cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7483-7494. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02289c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The [2+2+2] cycloaddition (CA) offers great potential as an atom economic method for the formation of substituted aromatic rings. In this article, we highlight the application of this versatile method...
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