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Breitwieser K, Bevilacqua M, Mullassery S, Dankert F, Morgenstern B, Grandthyll S, Müller F, Biffis A, Hering‐Junghans C, Munz D. Pd 8(PDip) 6: Cubic, Unsaturated, Zerovalent. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400699. [PMID: 38634573 PMCID: PMC11220702 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise nanoclusters hold promise for supramolecular assembly and (opto)electronic- as well as magnetic materials. Herein, this work reports that treating palladium(0) precursors with a triphosphirane affords strongly colored Pd8(PDip)6 that is fully characterized by mass spectrometry, heteronuclear and Cross-Polarization Magic-Angle Spinning (CP-MAS) NMR-, infrared (IR), UV-vis, and X-ray photoelectron (XP) spectroscopies, single-crystal X-Ray diffraction (sc-XRD), mass spectrometry, and cyclovoltammetry (CV). This coordinatively unsaturated 104-electron Pd(0) cluster features a cubic Pd8-core, µ4-capping phosphinidene ligands, and is air-stable. Quantum chemical calculations provide insight to the cluster's electronic structure and suggest 5s/4d orbital mixing as well as minor Pd─P covalency. Trapping experiments reveal that cluster growth proceeds via insertion of Pd(0) into the triphosphirane. The unsaturated cluster senses ethylene and binds isocyanides, which triggers the rearrangement to a tetrahedral structure with a reduced frontier orbital energy gap. These experiments demonstrate facile cluster manipulation and highlight non-destructive cluster rearrangement as is required for supramolecular assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Breitwieser
- Coordination Chemistry Saarland UniversityCampus C4.1D‐66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Matteo Bevilacqua
- Coordination Chemistry Saarland UniversityCampus C4.1D‐66123SaarbrückenGermany
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Padovavia Marzolo 1PadovaI‐35131Italy
| | - Sneha Mullassery
- Coordination Chemistry Saarland UniversityCampus C4.1D‐66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Fabian Dankert
- Coordination Chemistry Saarland UniversityCampus C4.1D‐66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Coordination Chemistry Saarland UniversityCampus C4.1D‐66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Samuel Grandthyll
- Experimental Physics and Center for BiophysicsSaarland UniversityCampus E2.9D‐66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Frank Müller
- Experimental Physics and Center for BiophysicsSaarland UniversityCampus E2.9D‐66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Andrea Biffis
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Padovavia Marzolo 1PadovaI‐35131Italy
| | - Christian Hering‐Junghans
- Katalyse mit phosphorhaltigen MaterialienLeibniz Institut für Katalyse e.VAlbert‐Einstein‐Straße 29aD‐18059RostockGermany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Coordination Chemistry Saarland UniversityCampus C4.1D‐66123SaarbrückenGermany
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Schmitt C, Da Roit N, Neumaier M, Maliakkal CB, Wang D, Henrich T, Kübel C, Kappes M, Behrens S. Continuous flow synthesis of atom-precise platinum clusters. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:2459-2468. [PMID: 38694455 PMCID: PMC11059489 DOI: 10.1039/d4na00074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Subnanometer clusters with precise atom numbers hold immense potential for applications in catalysis, as single atoms can significantly impact catalytic properties. Typically, inorganic clusters are produced using batch processes with high dilutions, making the scale-up of these processes time-consuming and its reproducibility challenging. While continuous-flow systems have been employed for organic synthesis and, more recently, nanoparticle preparation, these approaches have only rarely been applied to cluster synthesis. In a flexible, continuous flow synthesis platform, we integrate multiple continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) into a cascade to synthesize clusters with a precise number of atoms, demonstrating the potential of this approach for atom precise cluster synthesis and expanding the application of continuous-flow systems beyond organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schmitt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Nicola Da Roit
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Marco Neumaier
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Carina B Maliakkal
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Thilo Henrich
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Manfred Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Silke Behrens
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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Kawawaki T, Mitomi Y, Nishi N, Kurosaki R, Oiwa K, Tanaka T, Hirase H, Miyajima S, Niihori Y, Osborn DJ, Koitaya T, Metha GF, Yokoyama T, Iida K, Negishi Y. Pt 17 nanocluster electrocatalysts: preparation and origin of high oxygen reduction reaction activity. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:7272-7279. [PMID: 36987742 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01152f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We recently found that [Pt17(CO)12(PPh3)8]z (Pt = platinum; CO = carbon monoxide; PPh3 = triphenylphosphine; z = 1+ or 2+) is a Pt nanocluster (Pt NC) that can be synthesized with atomic precision in air. The present study demonstrates that it is possible to prepare a Pt17-supported carbon black (CB) catalyst (Pt17/CB) with 2.1 times higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity than commercial Pt nanoparticles/CB by the adsorption of [Pt17(CO)12(PPh3)8]z onto CB and subsequent calcination of the catalyst. Density functional theory calculation strongly suggests that the high ORR activity of Pt17/CB originates from the surface Pt atoms that have an electronic structure appropriate for the progress of ORR. These results are expected to provide design guidelines for the fabrication of highly active ORR catalysts using Pt NCs with a diameter of about 1 nm and thereby enabling the use of reduced amounts of Pt in polymer electrolyte fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Physical and Chemical Research Infrastructure Group, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mitomi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Naoki Nishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Ryuki Kurosaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Kazutaka Oiwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Hinoki Hirase
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Sayuri Miyajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Niihori
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - D J Osborn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Takanori Koitaya
- Physical and Chemical Research Infrastructure Group, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Gregory F Metha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Toshihiko Yokoyama
- Physical and Chemical Research Infrastructure Group, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Iida
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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Wang W, Ruiz J, Ornelas C, Hamon JR. A Career in Catalysis: Didier Astruc. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR N°5255, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Cedex Talence, France
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)−UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jaime Ruiz
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR N°5255, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Cedex Talence, France
| | - Catia Ornelas
- Institute of Chemistry, Rua Josué de Castro, Cidade Universitaria Zeferino Vaz, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean-René Hamon
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)−UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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