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Gasiulė L, Stankevičius V, Kvederavičiu Tė K, Rimšelis JM, Klimkevičius V, Petraitytė G, Rukšėnaitė A, Masevičius V, Klimašauskas S. Engineered Methionine Adenosyltransferase Cascades for Metabolic Labeling of Individual DNA Methylomes in Live Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18722-18729. [PMID: 38943667 PMCID: PMC11240257 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Methylation, a widely occurring natural modification serving diverse regulatory and structural functions, is carried out by a myriad of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferases (MTases). The AdoMet cofactor is produced from l-methionine (Met) and ATP by a family of multimeric methionine adenosyltransferases (MAT). To advance mechanistic and functional studies, strategies for repurposing the MAT and MTase reactions to accept extended versions of the transferable group from the corresponding precursors have been exploited. Here, we used structure-guided engineering of mouse MAT2A to enable biocatalytic production of an extended AdoMet analogue, Ado-6-azide, from a synthetic methionine analogue, S-(6-azidohex-2-ynyl)-l-homocysteine (N3-Met). Three engineered MAT2A variants showed catalytic proficiency with the extended analogues and supported DNA derivatization in cascade reactions with M.TaqI and an engineered variant of mouse DNMT1 both in the absence and presence of competing Met. We then installed two of the engineered variants as MAT2A-DNMT1 cascades in mouse embryonic stem cells by using CRISPR-Cas genome editing. The resulting cell lines maintained normal viability and DNA methylation levels and showed Dnmt1-dependent DNA modification with extended azide tags upon exposure to N3-Met in the presence of physiological levels of Met. This for the first time demonstrates a genetically stable system for biosynthetic production of an extended AdoMet analogue, which enables mild metabolic labeling of a DNMT-specific methylome in live mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liepa Gasiulė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaidotas Stankevičius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kotryna Kvederavičiu Tė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Mindaugas Rimšelis
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaidas Klimkevičius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gražina Petraitytė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Audronė Rukšėnaitė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Viktoras Masevičius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Klimašauskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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2
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Schülke KH, Fröse JS, Klein A, Garcia-Borràs M, Hammer SC. Efficient Transferase Engineering for SAM Analog Synthesis from Iodoalkanes. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400079. [PMID: 38477872 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) is an important cosubstrate in various biochemical processes, including selective methyl transfer reactions. Simple methods for the (re)generation of SAM analogs could expand the chemistry accessible with SAM-dependent transferases and go beyond methylation reactions. Here we present an efficient enzyme engineering strategy to synthesize different SAM analogs from "off-the-shelf" iodoalkanes through enzymatic alkylation of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH). This was achieved by mutating multiple hydrophobic and structurally dynamic amino acids simultaneously. Combinatorial mutagenesis was guided by the natural amino acid diversity and generated a highly functional mutant library. This approach increased the speed as well as the scale of enzyme engineering by providing a panel of optimized enzymes with orders of magnitude higher activities for multiple substrates in just one round of enzyme engineering. The optimized enzymes exhibit catalytic efficiencies up to 31 M-1 s-1, convert various iodoalkanes, including substrates bearing cyclopropyl or aromatic moieties, and catalyze S-alkylation of SAH with very high stereoselectivities (>99 % de). We further report a high throughput chromatographic screening system for reliable and rapid SAM analog analysis. We believe that the methods and enzymes described herein will further advance the field of selective biocatalytic alkylation chemistry by enabling SAM analog regeneration with "off-the-shelf" reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai H Schülke
- Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jana S Fröse
- Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alina Klein
- Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Department Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stephan C Hammer
- Organic Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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3
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Michailidou F. Engineering of Therapeutic and Detoxifying Enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308814. [PMID: 37433049 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic enzymes present excellent opportunities for the treatment of human disease, modulation of metabolic pathways and system detoxification. However, current use of enzyme therapy in the clinic is limited as naturally occurring enzymes are seldom optimal for such applications and require substantial improvement by protein engineering. Engineering strategies such as design and directed evolution that have been successfully implemented for industrial biocatalysis can significantly advance the field of therapeutic enzymes, leading to biocatalysts with new-to-nature therapeutic activities, high selectivity, and suitability for medical applications. This minireview highlights case studies of how state-of-the-art and emerging methods in protein engineering are explored for the generation of therapeutic enzymes and discusses gaps and future opportunities in the field of enzyme therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freideriki Michailidou
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Bastidas Ángel AY, Campos PRO, Alberto EE. Synthetic application of chalcogenonium salts: beyond sulfonium. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:223-236. [PMID: 36503911 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The application of chalcogenonium salts in organic synthesis has grown enormously in the past decades since the discovery of the methyltransferase enzyme cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), featuring a sulfonium center as the reactive functional group. Chalcogenonium salts can be employed as alkylating agents, sources of ylides and carbon-centered radicals, partners for metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and organocatalysts. Herein, we will focus the discussion on heavier chalcogenonium salts (selenonium and telluronium), presenting their utility in synthetic organic transformations and, whenever possible, drawing comparisons in terms of reactivity and selectivity with the respective sulfonium analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Y Bastidas Ángel
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Philipe Raphael O Campos
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo E Alberto
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Ospina F, Schülke KH, Soler J, Klein A, Prosenc B, Garcia‐Borràs M, Hammer SC. Selective Biocatalytic N-Methylation of Unsaturated Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213056. [PMID: 36202763 PMCID: PMC9827881 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methods for regioselective N-methylation and -alkylation of unsaturated heterocycles with "off the shelf" reagents are highly sought-after. This reaction could drastically simplify synthesis of privileged bioactive molecules. Here we report engineered and natural methyltransferases for challenging N-(m)ethylation of heterocycles, including benzimidazoles, benzotriazoles, imidazoles and indazoles. The reactions are performed through a cyclic enzyme cascade that consists of two methyltransferases using only iodoalkanes or methyl tosylate as simple reagents. This method enables the selective synthesis of important molecules that are otherwise difficult to access, proceeds with high regioselectivity (r.r. up to >99 %), yield (up to 99 %), on a preparative scale, and with nearly equimolar concentrations of simple starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ospina
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and BiocatalysisBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Kai H. Schülke
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and BiocatalysisBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Jordi Soler
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaCarrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69Girona17003CataloniaSpain
| | - Alina Klein
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and BiocatalysisBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Benjamin Prosenc
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and BiocatalysisBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Marc Garcia‐Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de QuímicaUniversitat de GironaCarrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69Girona17003CataloniaSpain
| | - Stephan C. Hammer
- Faculty of ChemistryOrganic Chemistry and BiocatalysisBielefeld UniversityUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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Wen X, Leisinger F, Leopold V, Seebeck FP. Synthetic Reagents for Enzyme‐Catalyzed Methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208746. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Wen
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian Leisinger
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Viviane Leopold
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
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7
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Wen X, Leisinger F, Leopold V, Seebeck FP. Synthetic reagents for enzyme‐catalyzed methylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Wen
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel Department of Chemistry SWITZERLAND
| | - Florian Leisinger
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel Department of Chemistry SWITZERLAND
| | - Viviane Leopold
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel Department of Chemistry SWITZERLAND
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- University of Basel Department of Chemistry St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel SWITZERLAND
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Rudenko AY, Mariasina SS, Sergiev PV, Polshakov VI. Analogs of S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine in Studies of Methyltransferases. Mol Biol 2022; 56:229-250. [PMID: 35440827 PMCID: PMC9009987 DOI: 10.1134/s002689332202011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Methyltransferases (MTases) play an important role in the functioning of living systems, catalyzing the methylation reactions of DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules, including endogenous compounds and drugs. Many human diseases are associated with disturbances in the functioning of these enzymes; therefore, the study of MTases is an urgent and important task. Most MTases use the cofactor S‑adenosyl‑L‑methionine (SAM) as a methyl group donor. SAM analogs are widely applicable in the study of MTases: they are used in studies of the catalytic activity of these enzymes, in identification of substrates of new MTases, and for modification of the substrates or substrate linking to MTases. In this review, new synthetic analogs of SAM and the problems that can be solved with their usage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yu. Rudenko
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - S. S. Mariasina
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - P. V. Sergiev
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. I. Polshakov
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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9
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Peng J, Liao C, Bauer C, Seebeck FP. Fluorinated
S
‐Adenosylmethionine as a Reagent for Enzyme‐Catalyzed Fluoromethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Peng
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Cangsong Liao
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Carsten Bauer
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Florian P. Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a 4002 Basel Switzerland
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10
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has an enormous impact on chemical synthesis. The waves in which biocatalysis has developed, and in doing so changed our perception of what organic chemistry is, were reviewed 20 and 10 years ago. Here we review the consequences of these waves of development. Nowadays, hydrolases are widely used on an industrial scale for the benign synthesis of commodity and bulk chemicals and are fully developed. In addition, further enzyme classes are gaining ever increasing interest. Particularly, enzymes catalysing selective C-C-bond formation reactions and enzymes catalysing selective oxidation and reduction reactions are solving long-standing synthetic challenges in organic chemistry. Combined efforts from molecular biology, systems biology, organic chemistry and chemical engineering will establish a whole new toolbox for chemistry. Recent developments are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hanefeld
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, The Netherlands.
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11
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Ospina F, Schülke KH, Hammer SC. Biocatalytic Alkylation Chemistry: Building Molecular Complexity with High Selectivity. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100454. [PMID: 34821073 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has traditionally been viewed as a field that primarily enables access to chiral centers. This includes the synthesis of chiral alcohols, amines and carbonyl compounds, often through functional group interconversion via hydrolytic or oxidation-reduction reactions. This limitation is partly being overcome by the design and evolution of new enzymes. Here, we provide an overview of a recently thriving research field that we summarize as biocatalytic alkylation chemistry. In the past 3-4 years, numerous new enzymes have been developed that catalyze sp3 C-C/N/O/S bond formations. These enzymes utilize different mechanisms to generate molecular complexity by coupling simple fragments with high activity and selectivity. In many cases, the engineered enzymes perform reactions that are difficult or impossible to achieve with current small-molecule catalysts such as organocatalysts and transition-metal complexes. This review further highlights that the design of new enzyme function is particularly successful when off-the-shelf synthetic reagents are utilized to access non-natural reactive intermediates. This underscores how biocatalysis is gradually moving to a field that build molecules through selective bond forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ospina
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kai H Schülke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan C Hammer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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12
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Peng J, Liao C, Bauer C, Seebeck FP. Fluorinated S-Adenosylmethionine as a Reagent for Enzyme-Catalyzed Fluoromethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27178-27183. [PMID: 34597444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Strategic replacement of protons with fluorine atoms or functional groups with fluorine-containing fragments has proven a powerful strategy to optimize the activity of therapeutic compounds. For this reason, the synthetic chemistry of organofluorides has been the subject of intense development and innovation for many years. By comparison, the literature on fluorine biocatalysis still makes for a slim chapter. Herein we introduce S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) dependent methyltransferases as a new tool for the production of fluorinated compounds. We demonstrate the ability of halide methyltransferases to form fluorinated SAM (S-adenosyl-S-(fluoromethyl)-L-homocysteine) from S-adenosylhomocysteine and fluoromethyliodide. Fluorinated SAM (F-SAM) is too unstable for isolation, but is accepted as a substrate by C-, N- and O-specific methyltransferases for enzyme-catalyzed fluoromethylation of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cangsong Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Bauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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Tang Q, Pavlidis IV, Badenhorst CPS, Bornscheuer UT. From Natural Methylation to Versatile Alkylations Using Halide Methyltransferases. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2584-2590. [PMID: 33890381 PMCID: PMC8453949 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Halide methyltransferases (HMTs) enable the enzymatic synthesis of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) from S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) and methyl iodide. Characterisation of a range of naturally occurring HMTs and subsequent protein engineering led to HMT variants capable of synthesising ethyl, propyl, and allyl analogues of SAM. Notably, HMTs do not depend on chemical synthesis of methionine analogues, as required by methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs). However, at the moment MATs have a much broader substrate scope than the HMTs. Herein we provide an overview of the discovery and engineering of promiscuous HMTs and how these strategies will pave the way towards a toolbox of HMT variants for versatile chemo- and regioselective biocatalytic alkylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Tang
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 417489GreifswaldGermany
| | - Ioannis V. Pavlidis
- Dept. of ChemistryUniversity of CreteVoutes University Campus70013HeraklionGreece
| | | | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 417489GreifswaldGermany
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