1
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Ren M, Yu S, Li X, Yuan W, Lu J, Xiong Y, Liu H, Wang J, Wei J. Synthesis of gem-Difluorohomoallyl Amines via a Transition-Metal-Free Defluorinative Alkylation of Benzyl Amines with Trifluoromethyl Alkenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8342-8356. [PMID: 38819657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
A mild and transition-metal-free defluorinative alkylation of benzyl amines with trifluoromethyl alkenes is reported. The features of this protocol are easy-to-obtain starting materials, a wide range of substrates, and functional group tolerance as well as high atom economy, thus offering a strategy to access a variety of gem-difluorohomoallyl amines, which are extensively distributed in pharmaceuticals and bioactive agents, with excellent chemoselectivity. The primary products can be further transformed to a diversity of 2-fluorinated pyrroline compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ren
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shengjiao Yu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Wenlong Yuan
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Ji Lu
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 265500, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jun Wei
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou City, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Central Nervous System Drug Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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2
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Li Y, Gong Y. Formation of N, N, N', N'-tetramethylethylenediamine via coupling of the two charge reversed C-N bonds of Me 3NO in the presence of an Eu(II) bis(trimethylsilyl)amide complex. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5342-5345. [PMID: 38303679 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
An N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) complex of Eu(II) was synthesized via an unprecedented self-aminomethylation of Me3NO in the presence of Eu[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)2. The neutral TMEDA ligand is formed via the coupling of two charge reversed carbon centres from the same precursor Me3NO. In contrast, the reactions of LnII[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)2 (Ln = Yb, Sm) with Me3NO led to the oxygen-bridged dinuclear complexes of Ln(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjuan Li
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
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3
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Wei J, Du Z, Wang X, Ji C, Li L, You Y. Palladium-catalyzed enantioselective arylation of trichloro- or tri-/difluoroacetaldimine precursors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3303-3306. [PMID: 38426541 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed asymmetric α-arylation of N-carbamoyl imine precursors containing CCl3, CF3 and CF2H is presented. This protocol provides facile access to a series of chiral α-aryl trichloroethylamines bearing various functional groups, with moderate to high yields (40-82% yield) and high enantioselectivity (80-99% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Value-Added Catalytic Conversion and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongjian Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Value-Added Catalytic Conversion and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Value-Added Catalytic Conversion and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China.
| | - Chenlei Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Value-Added Catalytic Conversion and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China.
| | - Longji Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Value-Added Catalytic Conversion and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yang'en You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Value-Added Catalytic Conversion and Reaction Engineering, Hefei 230009, P. R. China.
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4
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Lu J, Li Z, Deng L. Deoxygenative Nucleophilic Phosphonation and Electrophilic Alkylation of Secondary Amides: A Facile Access to Quaternary α-Aminophosphonates. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4357-4362. [PMID: 38334815 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence and synthetic accessibility of amides render them valuable precursors for the synthesis of diverse nitrogen-containing compounds. Herein, we present a metal-free and streamlined synthetic strategy for the synthesis of quaternary α-aminophosphonates. This approach involves sequential deoxygenative nucleophilic phosphonation and versatile electrophilic alkylation of secondary amides in a one-pot fashion. Notably, this method enables the direct bis-functionalization of secondary amides with both nucleophiles and electrophiles for the first time, with simple derivatization leading to valuable free α-aminophosphonates by hydrolysis. The protocol has the advantages of operational simplicity, broad functional-group compatibility, environmental friendliness, and scalability to multigram quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Zhenghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Li Deng
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
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5
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Zhu C, Jiang W, Ma D. Copper-Catalyzed Intramolecular Aldehyde-Ketone Nucleophilic Additions for the Synthesis of Chromans Bearing a Tertiary Alcohol Motif. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38152030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of chroman-3-ol derivatives via intramolecular nucleophilic additions has been established. Aldehydes can be used as alkyl carbanion equivalents via reductive polarity reversal which is facilitated by a copper catalyst and N-heterocyclic carbene ligand under mild conditions. The key to success is the difference in reaction activity between aldehydes and ketones. Finally, this methodology also can be used to construct other cyclic structures containing tertiary alcohols including tetraline, cyclohexane, indan, and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenbo Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, China
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6
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Orel VB, Zubarev AA, Bidusenko IA, Ushakov IA, Vitkovskaya NM. Quantum-Chemical Study of the Assembly Mechanism of 1-Pyrrolines from N-Benzylaldimines and Arylacetylenes in KO tBu/DMSO Superbasic Medium. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37220072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
By using a quantum-chemical approach, B2PLYP-D2/6-311+G**//B3LYP/6-31+G*, we have carried out a detailed study of the assembly of 1-pyrrolines from N-benzyl-1-phenylmethanimine and phenylacetylene in the superbasic medium KOtBu/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In this way, we have considered, both theoretically and experimentally, the mechanisms of the assembly through a concerted and stepwise nucleophilic cycloaddition and have addressed the side processes accompanying the assembly. It is found that the assembly via the concerted cycloaddition is kinetically more favorable than that via the stepwise cycloaddition. At the same time, the reaction of C-vinylation of aldimine with phenylacetylene occurs with a similar activation energy as the concerted cycloaddition and leads to the formation of 2-aza-1,4-pentadiene. The anion of 2-aza-1,4-pentadiene is an intermediate for the side processes leading to the formation of triarylpyridines and 1,3-diarylpropan-1-ones. Triarylpyridines are formed through the concerted cycloaddition of the next phenylacetylene molecule to 2-aza-1,4-pentadiene, while 1,3-diarylpropan-1-ones are formed as a result of the hydrolysis of 2-aza-1,4-pentadienes. It is found out that the mild conditions for the assembly of 1-pyrrolines (60 °C, 15 min) relate to the formation of complexes in the KOtBu/DMSO superbasic medium, where the anion is readily accessible for the nucleophilic attack by the phenylacetylene molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir B Orel
- Laboratory of Quantum-Chemical Modeling of Molecular Systems, Irkutsk State University, 1 K. Marx Street, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zubarev
- Laboratory of Quantum-Chemical Modeling of Molecular Systems, Irkutsk State University, 1 K. Marx Street, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Ivan A Bidusenko
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Igor A Ushakov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda M Vitkovskaya
- Laboratory of Quantum-Chemical Modeling of Molecular Systems, Irkutsk State University, 1 K. Marx Street, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
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7
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Gill M, Das A, Singh VK. Asymmetric Umpolung (3+2) Cycloadditions of Iminoesters with α,β-Unsaturated-2-acyl Imidazoles for the Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrolidines. Org Lett 2022; 24:5629-5634. [PMID: 35904565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective (3+2) cycloaddition reaction of iminoesters occurring with opposite regioselectivity is reported. This reaction provides chiral polysubstituted pyrrolidines with high enantioselectivities (up to 97%), diastereoselectivities (>20:1), and yields (up to 99%). Interestingly, changing the alpha-substituents of the iminoesters from an aryl to an aliphatic (benzyl) group or hydrogen resulted in the formation of normal (3+2) cycloaddition products, also in excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Gill
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 016, India
| | - Arko Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 016, India
| | - Vinod K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 016, India
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8
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Yuan WC, Yang L, Zhao JQ, Du HY, Wang ZH, You Y, Zhang YP, Liu J, Zhang W, Zhou MQ. Copper-Catalyzed Umpolung of N-2,2,2-Trifluoroethylisatin Ketimines for the Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition with Benzo[ b]thiophene Sulfones. Org Lett 2022; 24:4603-4608. [PMID: 35704767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed umpolung of N-2,2,2-trifluoroethylisatin ketimines for the enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with benzo[b]thiophene sulfones was developed. Using a catalyst system consisting of an (S,Sp)-tBu-Phosferrox ligand, Cu(OTf)2, and Cs2CO3, a range of pentacyclic spirooxindoles containing pyrrolidine and benzo[b]sulfolane subunits were obtained in high efficiency with excellent regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivites under mild conditions. The practicality and versatility of the reaction were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Hong-Yan Du
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yong You
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Innovation Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jiabin Liu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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9
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Peng Y, Chen L, Bao H, Zhou B, Wu H, Liu Y. Reactivity Umpolung of the C═N Bond in Quinoxaline Scaffold Enabling Direct Nucleophilic Attack of Alkyl Grignard Reagents at the N-Terminus. Org Lett 2022; 24:3982-3986. [PMID: 35648469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity umpolung of the C═N bond in the quinoxaline scaffold has been successfully realized for the first time by introduction of a formyl or an acyl group adjacent to the C-position of the C═N moiety. The reversed reactivity of the C═N bond thus enabled direct nucleophilic attack of alkyl Grignard reagents at the N-terminus rather than the C-terminus, thereby providing an unprecedented and efficient method for the synthesis of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one derivatives involving a tandem N-alkylation/C─C bond cleavage process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Lailin Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hanyang Bao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Bingwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Huayue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, P. R. China
| | - Yunkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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10
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Xing SN, Hua YZ, Yang XC, Du SS, Jia SK, Mei GJ, Wang MC. Catalytic Asymmetric Umpolung Tandem Reactions of Hemiacetals via Dinuclear Zinc Cooperative Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:3909-3914. [PMID: 35467355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The umpolung activity of hemiacetals serving as α-carbon nucleophiles has been reported via dinuclear zinc cooperative catalysis. This umpolung strategy has been applied to catalytic asymmetric tandem reactions of 1-tosylindoline-2,3-diols with β,γ-unsaturated-α-keto compounds, providing a broad series of structurally diverse tetrahydrofuran spirooxindoles and dihydrofurans, respectively. In addition, products could be transformed to quinazoline and quinoline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Xing
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Science Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450000, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhao Hua
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Science Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Chao Yang
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Science Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450000, P. R. China
| | - Si-Si Du
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Science Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450000, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Kun Jia
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Science Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450000, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Jian Mei
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Science Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450000, P. R. China
| | - Min-Can Wang
- College of Chemistry and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, No. 100, Science Road, Zhengzhou City, Henan 450000, P. R. China
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11
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Trammell R, Cordova A, Zhang S, Goswami S, Murata R, Siegler MA, Garcia-Bosch I. Practical One-Pot Multistep Synthesis of 2H-1,3-Benzoxazines Using Copper, Hydrogen Peroxide and Triethylamine. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:4536-4540. [PMID: 34539234 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe simple one-pot syntheses of 2H-1,3-benzoxazines from ketones utilizing an imino-pyridine directing group (R1R2-C=N-CH2-Pyr), which promotes a Cu-directed sp2 hydroxylation using H2O2 as oxidant and followed by an oxidative intramolecular C-O bond formation upon addition of NEt3. This synthetic protocol is utilized in the gram scale synthesis of the 2H-1,3-benzoxazine derived from benzophenone. Mechanistic studies reveal that the cyclization occurs via deprotonation of the benzylic position of the directing group to produce a 2-azallyl anion intermediate, which is oxidized to the corresponding 2-azaallyl radical before the C-O bond formation event. Understanding of the cyclization mechanism also allowed us to develop reaction conditions that utilize catalytic amounts of Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Trammell
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Alexandra Cordova
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Shuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Sunipa Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Richel Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Isaac Garcia-Bosch
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
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