1
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Montà-González G, Bastante-Rodríguez D, García-Fernández A, Lusby PJ, Martínez-Máñez R, Martí-Centelles V. Comparing organic and metallo-organic hydrazone molecular cages as potential carriers for doxorubicin delivery. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10010-10017. [PMID: 38966373 PMCID: PMC11220577 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular cages are three-dimensional supramolecular structures that completely wrap guest molecules by encapsulation. We describe a rare comparative study between a metallo-organic cage and a fully organic analogous system, obtained by hydrazone bond formation self-assembly. Both cages are able to encapsulate the anticancer drug doxorubicin, with the organic cage forming a 1 : 1 inclusion complex with μM affinity, whereas the metallo-organic host experiences disassembly by interaction with the drug. Stability experiments reveal that the ligands of the metallo-organic cage are displaced in buffer at neutral, acidic, and basic pH, while the organic cage only disassembles under acidic conditions. Notably, the organic cage also shows minimal cell toxicity, even at high doses, whilst the doxorubicin-cage complex shows in vitro anti-cancer activity. Collectively, these results show that the attributes of the pure organic molecular cage are suitable for the future challenges of in vivo drug delivery using molecular cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Montà-González
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València Camí de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road EH93FJ Edinburgh UK
| | - David Bastante-Rodríguez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Avenida Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3 46012 Valencia Spain
| | - Alba García-Fernández
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029 Madrid Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Avenida Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3 46012 Valencia Spain
| | - Paul J Lusby
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road EH93FJ Edinburgh UK
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029 Madrid Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Valencia, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe Avenida Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3 46012 Valencia Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE) Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 106 46026 Valencia Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València Camí de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València Camí de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
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2
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Wang H, Song F, Qi X, Zhang X, Ma L, Shi D, Bai X, Dou S, Zhou Q, Wei C, Zhang BN, Wang T, Shi W. Penetrative Ionic Organic Molecular Cage Nanozyme for the Targeted Treatment of Keratomycosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401179. [PMID: 38895924 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Keratomycosis, caused by pathogenic fungi, is an intractable blinding eye disease. Corneal penetration is an essential requirement for conventional antifungal medications to address keratomycosis. Due to the distinctive anatomical and physiological structure of the cornea, the therapeutic efficacy is hampered by the inadequate penetration capacity. Despite the emergence of diverse antifungal drug delivery systems and advanced antifungal nanomaterials, it has remained challenging to achieve corneal penetration over the past decade. This study fabricates a penetrative ionic organic molecular cage-based nanozyme (OMCzyme) for treating keratomycosis. The synthesis of OMCzyme involved two steps. Initially, the ionic OMC is synthesized by a [2+3] cycloimination reaction of triformylphloroglucinol and 2,3-diaminopropionic acid. Subsequently, OMCzyme is fabricated by coordination of Fe2⁺ with carboxyl anions and phenolic hydroxyls in the organic cage, and further deposition of silver nanoparticles on the surface of OMC-Fe complex. The as-prepared OMCzyme demonstrates excellent water dispersion, peroxidase-like activity, in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility, and corneal penetration. Notably, the nanozyme displays targeted antifungal activity, effectively combating Fusarium solani with negligible cytotoxicity toward human corneal epithelial cells. The hybrid mimic is further demonstrated to be effective in treating keratomycosis in mice, indicating the potential of OMCzyme for curing fungal infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fangying Song
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xia Qi
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Li Ma
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Depeng Shi
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shengqian Dou
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chao Wei
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bi Ning Zhang
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Weiyun Shi
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, 266071, China
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3
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Wang JX, Li SC, Cai LX, Hu SJ, Zhou LP, Yang J, Sun QF. Stepwise Synthesis of Low-Symmetry Hexacationic Pyridinium Organic Cages. Org Lett 2024; 26:4152-4157. [PMID: 38722029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
An efficient approach was developed for the synthesis of the well-known BlueCage by pre-bridging two 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPT) panels with one linker followed by cage formation in a much improved yield and shortened reaction time. Such a stepwise methodology was further applied to synthesize three new pyridinium organic cages, C2, C3, and C4, where the low-symmetry cages C3 and C4 with angled panels demonstrated better recognition properties toward 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) than the high-symmetry analogue C2 featuring parallel platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Fu Sun
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
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4
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Trzaskowski B, Martínez JP, Sarwa A, Szyszko B, Goddard WA. Argentophilic Interactions, Flexibility, and Dynamics of Pyrrole Cages Encapsulating Silver(I) Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3339-3350. [PMID: 38651289 PMCID: PMC11077489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Recently, pyrrole cages have been synthesized that encapsulate ion pairs and silver(I) clusters to form intricate supramolecular capsules. We report here a computational analysis of these structures using density functional theory combined with a semiempirical tight-binding approach. We find that for neutral pyrrole cages, the Gibbs free energies of formation provide reliable predictions for the ratio of bound ions. For charged pyrrole cages, we find strong argentophilic interactions between Ag ions on the basis of the calculated bond indices and molecular orbitals. For the cage with the Ag4 cluster, we find two minimum-geometry conformations that differ by only 6.5 kcal/mol, with an energy barrier <1 kcal/mol, suggesting a very flexible structure as indicated by molecular dynamics. The predicted energies of formation of [Agn⊂1]n-3+ (n = 1-5) cryptands provide low energy barriers of formation of 5-20 kcal/mol for all cases, which is consistent with the experimental data. Furthermore, we also examined the structural variability of mixed-valence silver clusters to test whether additional geometrical conformations inside the organic cage are thermodynamically accessible. In this context, we show that the time-dependent density functional theory UV-vis spectra may potentially serve as a diagnostic probe to characterize mixed-valence and geometrical configurations of silver clusters encapsulated into cryptands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 2C Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Juan Pablo Martínez
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 2C Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sarwa
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie Street, 50-387 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szyszko
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie Street, 50-387 Wrocław, Poland
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91106, United States
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5
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Montà-González G, Ortiz-Gómez E, López-Lima R, Fiorini G, Martínez-Máñez R, Martí-Centelles V. Water-Soluble Molecular Cages for Biological Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:1621. [PMID: 38611902 PMCID: PMC11013847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The field of molecular cages has attracted increasing interest in relation to the development of biological applications, as evidenced by the remarkable examples published in recent years. Two key factors have contributed to this achievement: First, the remarkable and adjustable host-guest chemical properties of molecular cages make them highly suitable for biological applications. This allows encapsulating therapeutic molecules to improve their properties. Second, significant advances have been made in synthetic methods to create water-soluble molecular cages. Achieving the necessary water solubility is a significant challenge, which in most cases requires specific chemical groups to overcome the inherent hydrophobic nature of the molecular cages which feature the organic components of the cage. This can be achieved by either incorporating water-solubilizing groups with negative/positive charges, polyethylene glycol chains, etc.; or by introducing charges directly into the cage structure itself. These synthetic strategies allow preparing water-soluble molecular cages for diverse biological applications, including cages' anticancer activity, anticancer drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and molecular recognition of biological molecules. In the review we describe selected examples that show the main concepts to achieve water solubility in molecular cages and some selected recent biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Montà-González
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.M.-G.); (E.O.-G.); (G.F.)
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ortiz-Gómez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.M.-G.); (E.O.-G.); (G.F.)
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rocío López-Lima
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.M.-G.); (E.O.-G.); (G.F.)
| | - Guillermo Fiorini
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.M.-G.); (E.O.-G.); (G.F.)
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.M.-G.); (E.O.-G.); (G.F.)
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida Eduardo Primo Yúfera, 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.M.-G.); (E.O.-G.); (G.F.)
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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6
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Miton L, Antonetti É, García-López D, Nava P, Robert V, Albalat M, Vanthuyne N, Martinez A, Cotelle Y. A Cyclotriveratrylene Solvent-Dependent Chiral Switch. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303294. [PMID: 37955588 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Chiral molecular switches are attracting attention as they could pave the way to chiral molecular machines. Herein, we report on the design and synthesis of a single molecule chiral switch based on a cyclotriveratrylene scaffold, in which the chirality inversion is controlled by the solvent. Hemicryptophanes are built around a C3 cyclotriveratrylene chiral unit, with either M or P handedness, connected to another tripod and usually displaying an "out" configuration. Here, we demonstrate that solvents are able to control the "in" and "out" configurations of the CTV unit, creating a chiral molecular switch from (M/P)"in" to (P/M)"out" handedness. The full characterization of the "in" and "out" configurations and of the chirality switch were made possible by combining NMR, HPLC, ECD, DFT and molecular dynamics. Interestingly, bulky aromatic solvents such as 2-t-butylphenol favor the "in" configuration while polar aprotic solvents such as acetone favor the "out" configuration. This chiral switch was found to be fully reversible allowing the system to oscillate between two different M and P configurations several times upon the action of solvents stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Miton
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Élise Antonetti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Diego García-López
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Paola Nava
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Robert
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Muriel Albalat
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Yoann Cotelle
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France
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7
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Solozabal N, Tapia L, Solà J, Pérez Y, Alfonso I. Molecular Recognition of Tyrosine-Containing Polypeptides with Pseudopeptidic Cages Unraveled by Fluorescence and NMR Spectroscopies. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2345-2357. [PMID: 38078839 PMCID: PMC10859922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The molecular recognition of Tyr-containing peptide copolymers with pseudopeptidic cages has been studied using a combination of fluorescence and NMR spectroscopies. Fluorescence titrations rendered a reasonable estimation of the affinities, despite the presence of dynamic quenching masking the unambiguous detection of the supramolecular complexes. Regarding NMR, the effect of polypeptide (PP) binding on relaxation and diffusion parameters of the cages is much more reliable than the corresponding chemical shift perturbations. To that, purification of the commercial PPs is mandatory to obtain biopolymers with lower polydispersity. Thus, the relaxation/diffusion-filtered 1H spectra of the cages in the absence vs presence of the PPs represent a suitable setup for the fast detection of the noncovalent interactions. Additional key intermolecular NOE cross-peaks supported by molecular models allow the proposal of a structure of the supramolecular species, stabilized by the Tyr encapsulation within the cage cavity and additional attractive polar interactions between the side chains of cage and PP, thus defining a binding epitope with a potential for implementing sequence selectivity. Accordingly, the cages bearing positive/negative residues prefer to bind the peptides having complementary negative/positive side chains close to the target Tyr, suggesting an electrostatic contribution to the interaction. Overall, our results show that both techniques represent a powerful and complementary combination for studying cage-to-PP molecular recognition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Solozabal
- NMR
Facility, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Lucía Tapia
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Jordi Solà
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Yolanda Pérez
- NMR
Facility, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Ignacio Alfonso
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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8
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La Cognata S, Amendola V. Recent applications of organic cages in sensing and separation processes in solution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13668-13678. [PMID: 37902039 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04522f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Organic cages are three-dimensional polycyclic compounds of great interest in the scientific community due to their unique features, which generally include simple synthesis based on the dynamic covalent chemistry strategies, structural tunability and high selectivity. In this feature article, we present the advances over the last ten years in the application of organic cages as chemosensors or components in chemosensing devices for the determination of analytes (pollutants, analytes of biological interest) in complex aqueous media including wine, fruit juice, urine. Details on the recent applications of organic cages as selective (back-)extractants or masking agents for potential applications in relevant separation processes, such as the plutonium and uranium recovery by extraction, are also provided. Over the last ten years, organic cages with permanent porosity in the liquid and solid states have been highly appreciated as porous materials able to discriminate molecules of different sizes. These features, combined with good solvent processability and film-forming tendency, have proved useful in the fabrication of membranes for gas separation, solvent nanofiltration and water remediation processes. An overview of the recent applications of organic cages in membrane separation technologies is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia La Cognata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, I-27100, Italy.
| | - Valeria Amendola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia, I-27100, Italy.
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9
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Mobili R, La Cognata S, Monteleone M, Longo M, Fuoco A, Serapian SA, Vigani B, Milanese C, Armentano D, Jansen JC, Amendola V. Gas Permeation through Mechanically Resistant Self-Standing Membranes of a Neat Amorphous Organic Cage. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301437. [PMID: 37433050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a novel film-forming organic cage and of its smaller analogue are here described. While the small cage produced single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction studies, the large one was isolated as a dense film. Due to its remarkable film-forming properties, this latter cage could be solution processed into transparent thin-layer films and mechanically stable dense self-standing membranes of controllable thickness. Thanks to these peculiar features, the membranes were also successfully tested for gas permeation, reporting a behavior similar to that found with stiff glassy polymers such as polymers of intrinsic microporosity or polyimides. Given the growing interest in the development of molecular-based membranes, for example for separation technologies and functional coatings, the properties of this organic cage were investigated by thorough analysis of their structural, thermal, mechanical and gas transport properties, and by detailed atomistic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Mobili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sonia La Cognata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Monteleone
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Mariagiulia Longo
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Alessio Fuoco
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Stefano A Serapian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 13/C, 87036, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Johannes C Jansen
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), via P. Bucci 17/C, Rende (CS), 87036, Italy
| | - Valeria Amendola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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10
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Zhang G, Fang H, Chang S, Chen R, Li L, Wang D, Liu Y, Sun R, Zhao Y, Li B. Fullerene [60] encapsulated water-soluble supramolecular cage for prevention of oxidative stress-induced myocardial injury. Mater Today Bio 2023; 21:100693. [PMID: 37404456 PMCID: PMC10316085 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A water-soluble cube-like supramolecular cage was constructed by an engagement of six molecules through a hydrophobic effect in the water. The obtained cage could perfectly encapsulate one fullerene C60 molecule inside of the cavity and significantly improve the water-solubility of the C60 without changing the original structure. The water-soluble complex was further applied to reduce the reactive oxygen species (R.O.S.) in cardiomyocytes (FMC84) through Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Furthermore, in the mouse model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, the application of C60 was found to be effective in reducing myocardial injury and improving cardiac function. It also reduced the levels of R.O.S. in myocardial tissue, inhibited myocardial apoptosis, and mitigated myocardial inflammatory responses. The present study provides a new guideline for constructing water-soluble C60 and verifies the important role of C60 in preventing oxidative stress-related cardiovascular disease injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzhao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou Medical University, Zibo Central Hospital, NO.10, South Shanghai Road, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Hui Fang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shuting Chang
- Weifang Medical University, NO.7166, Baotong West Street, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Renzeng Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Center of Translational Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, NO.10, South Shanghai Road, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Danbo Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yamei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Ageing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruyi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Cardiology, Binzhou Medical University, Zibo Central Hospital, NO.10, South Shanghai Road, Zibo, 255000, China
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11
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Fan L, Du M, Kong L, Cai Y, Hu X. Recognition Site Modifiable Macrocycle: Synthesis, Functional Group Variation and Structural Inspection. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031338. [PMID: 36771008 PMCID: PMC9921963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional macrocyclic molecules encode recognition sites in their structural backbones, which limits the variation of the recognition sites and thus, would restrict the adjustment of recognition properties. Here, we report a new oligoamide-based macrocycle capable of varying the recognition functional groups by post-synthesis modification on its structural backbone. Through six steps of common reactions, the parent macrocycle (9) can be produced in gram scale with an overall yield of 31%. The post-synthesis modification of 9 to vary the recognition sites are demonstrated by producing four different macrocycles (10-13) with distinct functional groups, 2-methoxyethoxyl (10), hydroxyl (11), carboxyl (12) and amide (13), respectively. The 1H NMR study suggests that the structure of these macrocycles is consistent with our design, i.e., forming hydrogen bonding network at both rims of the macrocyclic backbone. The 1H-1H NOESY NMR study indicates the recognition functional groups are located inside the cavity of macrocycles. At last, a preliminary molecular recognition study shows 10 can recognize n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (14) in chloroform.
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12
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Cester Bonati F, Bazzoni M, Baccini C, Zanichelli V, Orlandini G, Arduini A, Cera G, Secchi A. Calix[6]arene-Based [3]Rotaxanes as Prototypes for the Template Synthesis of Molecular Capsules. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020595. [PMID: 36677647 PMCID: PMC9864859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the ability of several bis-viologen axles to thread a series of heteroditopic tris(N-phenylureido)calix[6]arene wheels to give interwoven supramolecular complexes to the [3]pseudorotaxane type was studied. The unidirectionality of the threading process inside these nonsymmetric wheels allows the formation of highly preorganised [3]pseudorotaxane and [3]rotaxane species in which the macrocycles phenylureido moieties, functionalised with either ester, carboxylic, or hydroxymethyl groups, are facing each other. As verified by NMR and semiempirical computational studies, these latter compounds possess the correct spatial arrangement of their subcomponents, which could lead, in principle, upon proper bridging reaction, to the realisation of upper-to-upper molecular capsules that are based on calix[6]arene derivatives.
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13
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Mirabella CFM, Aragay G, Ballester P. Influence of the solvent in the self-assembly and binding properties of [1 + 1] tetra-imine bis-calix[4]pyrrole cages. Chem Sci 2022; 14:186-195. [PMID: 36605742 PMCID: PMC9769375 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05311j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the self-assembly of shape-persistent [1 + 1] tetra-imine cages 1 based on two different tetra-α aryl-extended calix[4]pyrrole scaffolds in chlorinated solvents and in a 9 : 1 CDCl3 : CD3CN solvent mixture. We show that the use of a bis-N-oxide 4 (4,4'-dipyridyl-N,N'-dioxide) as template is not mandatory to induce the emergence of the cages but has a positive effect on the reaction yield. We use 1H NMR spectroscopy to investigate and characterize the binding properties (kinetic and thermodynamic) of the self-assembled tetra-imine cages 1 with pyridine N-oxide derivatives. The cages form kinetically and thermodynamically stable inclusion complexes with the N-oxides. For the bis-N-oxide 4, we observe the exclusive formation of 1 : 1 complexes independently of the solvent used. In contrast, the pyridine-N-oxide 5 (mono-topic guest) produces inclusion complexes displaying solvent dependent stoichiometry. The bis-N-oxide 4 is too short to bridge the gap between the two endohedral polar binding sites of 1 by establishing eight ideal hydrogen bonding interactions. Nevertheless, the bimolecular 4⊂1 complex results as energetically favored compared to the 52⊂1 ternary counterpart. The inclusion of the N-oxides, 4 and 5, in the tetra-imine cages 1 is significantly faster in chlorinated solvents (minutes) than in the 9 : 1 CDCl3 : CD3CN solvent mixture (hours). We provide an explanation for the similar energy barriers calculated for the formation of the 4⊂1 complex using the two different ternary counterparts 52⊂1 and (CD3CN)2⊂1 as precursors. We propose a mechanism for the in-out guest exchange processes experienced by the tetra-imine cages 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara F. M. Mirabella
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Avgda. Països Catalans, 1643007 TarragonaSpain,Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànicac/Marcel·lí Domingo,143007 TarragonaSpain
| | - Gemma Aragay
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Avgda. Països Catalans, 1643007 TarragonaSpain
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Avgda. Països Catalans, 1643007 TarragonaSpain,ICREAPasseig Lluís Companys, 2308010 BarcelonaSpain
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14
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Liu X, Fang R, Feng R, Li Q, Su M, Hou C, Zhuang K, Dai Y, Lei N, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Ran Y. Cage-modified hypocrellin against multidrug-resistant Candida spp. with unprecedented activity in light-triggered combinational photodynamic therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 65:100887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Caged-carvedilol as a new tool for visible-light photopharmacology of β-adrenoceptors in native tissues. iScience 2022; 25:105128. [PMID: 36185381 PMCID: PMC9515591 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenoceptors are G protein-coupled receptors involved in a large variety of physiological processes, also under pathological conditions. This is due in large part to their ubiquitous expression in the body exerting numerous essential functions. Therefore, the possibility to control their activity with high spatial and temporal precision would constitute a valuable research tool. In this study, we present a caged version of the approved non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist carvedilol, synthesized by alkylation of its secondary amine with a coumarin derivative. Introducing this photo-removable group abolished carvedilol physiological effects in cell cultures, mouse isolated perfused hearts and living zebrafish larvae. Only after visible light application, carvedilol was released and the different physiological systems were pharmacologically modulated in a similar manner as the control drug. This research provides a new photopharmacological tool for a wide range of research applications that may help in the development of future precise therapies. We report a diffusible caged antagonist based on the beta blocker carvedilol (C-C) Carvedilol release from C-C is produced by light on the visible range (405 nm) Light-dependent effects are assessed in cells, mice hearts, and zebrafish larvae Physiological processes can be regulated by C-C and light (heart rate and behavior)
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16
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He L, Jiang C, Chen Z, Ma D, Yi L, Xi Z. A triple-diazonium reagent for virus crosslinking and the synthesis of an azo-linked molecular cage. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7577-7581. [PMID: 36131636 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01583h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first bench-stable triple-diazonium reagent (TDA-1) was rationally designed and synthesized for coupling and crosslinking. The three reactive sites of TDA-1 can react with phenol-containing molecules as well as plant viruses in aqueous buffers efficiently. In addition, a new-type azo-linked cage was constructed by the direct reaction of TDA-1 with a triple-phenol molecule and was characterized by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chenyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhuoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Dejun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Long Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhen Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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17
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Abstract
Considering the wide interest in (benz)imidazolium-based drugs, we here report our study on a benzimidazolium-based organic cage as potential antimicrobial and antifungal agent. Cytotoxicity studies on a human derived cell line, SH-SY5Y, showed that the cage is not cytotoxic at all at the investigated concentrations. Anion binding studies demonstrated that the cage can bind anions (chloride and nitrate, in particular) both in organic solvent and 20%v D2O/CD3CN mixture. The cage was also tested as anionophore, showing a weak but measurable transport of chloride and nitrate across LUVs vesicles. Nonetheless, the compounds have antimicrobial activity towards Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria). This is probably the first organic cage studied as anionophore and antimicrobial agent.
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18
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Hollstein S, Shyshov O, Hanževački M, Zhao J, Rudolf T, Jäger CM, von Delius M. Dynamic Covalent Self-Assembly of Chloride- and Ion-Pair-Templated Cryptates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201831. [PMID: 35384202 PMCID: PMC9400851 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While supramolecular hosts capable of binding and transporting anions and ion pairs are now widely available, self‐assembled architectures are still rare, even though they offer an inherent mechanism for the release of the guest ion(s). In this work, we report the dynamic covalent self‐assembly of tripodal, urea‐based anion cryptates that are held together by two orthoester bridgeheads. These hosts exhibit affinity for anions such as Cl−, Br− or I− in the moderate range that is typically advantageous for applications in membrane transport. In unprecedented experiments, we were able to dissociate the Cs⋅Cl ion pair by simultaneously assembling suitably sized orthoester hosts around the Cs+ and the Cl− ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Hollstein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marko Hanževački
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Rudolf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christof M Jäger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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19
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Begato F, Penasa R, Licini G, Zonta C. Chiroptical Enhancement of Chiral Dicarboxylic Acids from Confinement in a Stereodynamic Supramolecular Cage. ACS Sens 2022; 7:1390-1394. [PMID: 35472260 PMCID: PMC9150167 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The fundamental implications
that chirality has in science and
technology require continuous efforts for the development of fast,
economic, and reliable quantitative methods for enantiopurity assessment.
Among the different analytical approaches, chiroptical techniques
in combination with supramolecular methodologies have shown promising
results in terms of both costs and time analysis. In this article,
a tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amines (TPMA)-based supramolecular
cage is able to amplify the circular dichroism (CD) signal of a series
of chiral dicarboxylic acids also in the presence of a complex mixture.
This feature has been used to quantify tartaric acid in wines and
to discriminate different matrixes using principal component analysis
(PCA) of the raw CD data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Begato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Penasa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristiano Zonta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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20
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Hollstein S, Shyshov O, Hanževački M, Zhao J, Rudolf T, Jäger CM, Delius M. Dynamisch kovalente Selbstassemblierung von Chlorid‐ und Ionenpaar‐templierten Kryptaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selina Hollstein
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Marko Hanževački
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD Großbritannien
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Tamara Rudolf
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Christof M. Jäger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD Großbritannien
| | - Max Delius
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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21
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Kubik S. Synthetic Receptors Based on Abiotic Cyclo(pseudo)peptides. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092821. [PMID: 35566168 PMCID: PMC9103335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Work on the use of cyclic peptides or pseudopeptides as synthetic receptors started even before the field of supramolecular chemistry was firmly established. Research initially focused on the development of synthetic ionophores and involved the use of macrocycles with a repeating sequence of subunits along the ring to facilitate the correlation between structure, conformation, and binding properties. Later, nonnatural amino acids as building blocks were also considered. With growing research in this area, cyclopeptides and related macrocycles developed into an important and structurally diverse receptor family. This review provides an overview of these developments, starting from the early years. The presented systems are classified according to characteristic structural elements present along the ring. Wherever possible, structural aspects are correlated with binding properties to illustrate how natural or nonnatural amino acids affect binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kubik
- Fachbereich Chemie-Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 54, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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22
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Kubik S. When Molecules Meet in Water-Recent Contributions of Supramolecular Chemistry to the Understanding of Molecular Recognition Processes in Water. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200028. [PMID: 35373466 PMCID: PMC8977507 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular recognition processes in water differ from those in organic solvents in that they are mediated to a much greater extent by solvent effects. The hydrophobic effect, for example, causes molecules that only weakly interact in organic solvents to stay together in water. Such water‐mediated interactions can be very efficient as demonstrated by many of the synthetic receptors discussed in this review, some of which have substrate affinities matching or even surpassing those of natural binders. However, in spite of considerable success in designing such receptors, not all factors determining their binding properties in water are fully understood. Existing concepts still provide plausible explanations why the reorganization of water molecules often causes receptor‐substrate interactions in water to be strongly exothermic rather than entropically favored as predicted by the classical view of the hydrophobic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kubik
- Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Chemie - Organische Chemie, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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