1
|
Islam K, Bhunia BK, Mandal G, Nag B, Jaiswal C, Mandal BB, Kumar A. Room-Temperature, Copper-Free, and Amine-Free Sonogashira Reaction in a Green Solvent: Synthesis of Tetraalkynylated Anthracenes and In Vitro Assessment of Their Cytotoxic Potentials. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:16907-16926. [PMID: 37214732 PMCID: PMC10193572 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The multifold Sonogashira coupling of a class of aryl halides with arylacetylene in the presence of an equivalent of Cs2CO3 has been accomplished using a combination of Pd(CH3CN)2Cl2 (0.5 mol %) and cataCXium A (1 mol %) under copper-free and amine-free conditions in a readily available green solvent at room temperature. The protocol was used to transform several aryl halides and alkynes to the corresponding coupled products in good to excellent yields. The rate-determining step is likely to involve the oxidative addition of Ar-X. The green protocol provides access to various valuable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with exciting photophysical properties. Among them, six tetraalkynylated anthracenes have been tested for their anticancer properties on the human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB-231 and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to find out the IC50 concentration and lethal dose. The compounds being intrinsically fluorescent, their cellular localization was checked by live cell fluorescence imaging. 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and propidium iodide (PI) staining was performed to check apoptosis and necrosis, respectively. All of these studies have shown that anthracene and its derivatives can induce cell death via DNA damage and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadimul Islam
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Bibhas K. Bhunia
- Biomaterials
and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Gargi Mandal
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of
Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Bedabara Nag
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Chitra Jaiswal
- Biomaterials
and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Biman B. Mandal
- Biomaterials
and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of
Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Jyoti
and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Akshai Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology
Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Centre
for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of
Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Jyoti
and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Islam K, Arora V, Vikas, Nag B, Kumar A. Nickel Bromide Catalyzed Ligand‐Free and Activator‐less Suzuki Coupling Reactions. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadimul Islam
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781039 Assam India
| | - Vinay Arora
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781039 Assam India
| | - Vikas
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781039 Assam India
| | - Bedabara Nag
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781039 Assam India
| | - Akshai Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781039 Assam India
- Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781039 Assam India
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781039 Assam India
| |
Collapse
|