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Cook A, Newman SG. Alcohols as Substrates in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arylation, Alkylation, and Related Reactions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6078-6144. [PMID: 38630862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Alcohols are abundant and attractive feedstock molecules for organic synthesis. Many methods for their functionalization require them to first be converted into a more activated derivative, while recent years have seen a vast increase in the number of complexity-building transformations that directly harness unprotected alcohols. This Review discusses how transition metal catalysis can be used toward this goal. These transformations are broadly classified into three categories. Deoxygenative functionalizations, representing derivatization of the C-O bond, enable the alcohol to act as a leaving group toward the formation of new C-C bonds. Etherifications, characterized by derivatization of the O-H bond, represent classical reactivity that has been modernized to include mild reaction conditions, diverse reaction partners, and high selectivities. Lastly, chain functionalization reactions are described, wherein the alcohol group acts as a mediator in formal C-H functionalization reactions of the alkyl backbone. Each of these three classes of transformation will be discussed in context of intermolecular arylation, alkylation, and related reactions, illustrating how catalysis can enable alcohols to be directly harnessed for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cook
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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2
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Zhang LL, Gao YZ, Cai SH, Yu H, Shen SJ, Ping Q, Yang ZP. Ni-catalyzed enantioconvergent deoxygenative reductive cross-coupling of unactivated alkyl alcohols and aryl bromides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2733. [PMID: 38548758 PMCID: PMC10979021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed enantioconvergent cross-coupling of an alkyl precursor presents a promising method for producing enantioenriched C(sp3) molecules. Because alkyl alcohol is a ubiquitous and abundant family of feedstock in nature, the direct reductive coupling of alkyl alcohol and aryl halide enables efficient access to valuable compounds. Although several strategies have been developed to overcome the high bond dissociation energy of the C - O bond, the asymmetric pattern remains unknown. In this report, we describe the realization of an enantioconvergent deoxygenative reductive cross-coupling of unactivated alkyl alcohol (β-hydroxy ketone) and aryl bromide in the presence of an NHC activating agent. The approach can accommodate substituents of various sizes and functional groups, and its synthetic potency is demonstrated through a gram scale reaction and derivatizations into other compound families. Finally, we apply our convergent method to the efficient asymmetric synthesis of four β-aryl ketones that are natural products or bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules, Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Han Cai
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Jie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules, Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Peng Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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Duan A, Xiao F, Lan Y, Niu L. Mechanistic views and computational studies on transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9986-10015. [PMID: 36374254 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions have been considered as a powerful tool to convert two electrophiles into value-added products. Numerous related reports have shown the fascinating potential. Mechanistic studies, especially theoretical studies, can provide important implications for the design of novel reductive coupling reactions. In this review, we summarize the representative advancements in theoretical studies on transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions and systematically elaborate the mechanisms for the key steps of reductive coupling reactions. The activation modes of electrophiles and the deep insights of selectivity generation are mechanistically discussed. In addition, the mechanism of the reduction of high-oxidation-state catalysts and further construction of new chemical bonds are also described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abing Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Fengjiao Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Linbin Niu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling of electrophiles has emerged as a powerful tool for the construction of molecules. While major achievements have been made in the field of cross-couplings between organic halides and pseudohalides, an increasing number of reports demonstrates reactions involving more readily available, low-cost, and stable, but unreactive electrophiles. This account summarizes the recent results in our laboratory focusing on this topic. These findings typically include deoxygenative C-C coupling of alcohols, reductive alkylation of alkenyl acetates, reductive C-Si coupling of chlorosilanes, and reductive C-Ge coupling of chlorogermanes.The reductive deoxygenative coupling of alcohols with electrophiles is synthetically appealing, but the potential of this chemistry remains to be disclosed. Our initial study focused on the reaction of allylic alcohols and aryl bromides by the combination of nickel and Lewis acid catalysis. This method offers a selectivity that is opposite to that of the classic Tsuji-Trost reactions. Further investigation on the reaction of benzylic alcohols led to the foundation of a dynamic kinetic cross-coupling strategy with applications in the nickel-catalyzed reductive arylation of benzylic alcohols and cobalt-catalyzed enantiospecific reductive alkenylation of allylic alcohols. The titanium catalysis was later established to produce carbon radicals directly from unactivated tertiary alcohols via C-OH cleavage. The development of their coupling reactions with carbon fragments delivers new methods for the construction of all-carbon quaternary centers. These reactions have shown high selectivity for the functionalization of tertiary alcohols, leaving primary and secondary alcohols intact. Alkenyl acetates are inexpensive, stable, and environmentally friendly and are considered the most attractive alkenyl reagents. The development of reductive alkylation of alkenyl acetates with benzyl ammoniums and alkyl bromides offers mild approaches for the conversion of ketones into aliphatic alkenes.Extensive studies in this field have enabled us to extend the cross-electrophile coupling from carbon to silicon and germanium chemistry. These reactions harness the ready availability of chlorosilanes and chlorogermanes but suffer from the challenge of their low reactivity toward transition metals. Under reductive nickel catalysis, a broad range of alkenyl and aryl electrophiles couple well with vinyl- and hydrochlorosilanes. The use of alkyl halides as coupling partners led to the formation of functionalized alkylsilanes. The C-Ge coupling seems less substrate-dependent, and various common chlorogermanes couple well with aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl electrophiles. In general, functionalities such as Grignard-sensitive groups (e.g., acid, amide, alcohol, ketone, and ester), acid-sensitive groups (e.g., ketal and THP protection), alkyl fluoride and chloride, aryl bromide, alkyl tosylate and mesylate, silyl ether, and amine are tolerated. These methods provide new access to organosilicon and organogermanium compounds, some of which are challenging to obtain otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Pei-Feng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou730000, China
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Wang F, Tong Y, Zou G. Nickel-Catalyzed, Manganese-Assisted Denitrogenative Cross-Electrophile-Coupling of Benzotriazinones with Alkyl Halides for ortho-Alkylated Benzamides. Org Lett 2022; 24:5741-5745. [PMID: 35916781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed denitrogenative cross-electrophile-coupling of benzotriazinones with unactivated alkyl halides (X = Cl, Br, I) in the presence of manganese powder as a reductant has been developed. The reaction furnishes ortho-alkylated secondary benzamides in modest to good yields under mild conditions. The scope of the reaction is demonstrated with 25 examples, showing good tolerance of steric hindrance and common functional groups, thus providing an efficient protocol to ortho-alkylated benzamide derivatives without the use of preprepared organometallic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengze Wang
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tong
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zou
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
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Tran HN, Nguyen CM, Koeritz MT, Youmans DD, Stanley LM. Nickel-Catalyzed Arylative Substitution of Homoallylic Alcohols. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11607-11613. [PMID: 36320388 PMCID: PMC9555571 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01716d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct coupling of unactivated alcohols remains a challenge in synthetic chemistry. Current approaches to cross-coupling of alcohol-derived electrophiles often involve activated alcohols such as tosylates or carbonates. We report the direct arylative substitution of homoallylic alcohols catalyzed by a nickel-bisphosphine complex as a facile method to generate allylic arenes. These reactions proceed via formation of an allylic alcohol intermediate. Subsequent allylic substitution with arylboroxine nucleophiles enables the formation of a variety of allylic arenes. The presence of p-methoxyphenylboronic acid is crucial to activate the allylic alcohol to achieve high product yields. Arylative substitutions of homoallylic alcohols with arylboron nucleophiles demonstrate the utility of unactivated alcohols as coupling partners in transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai N Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Chau M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Mason T Koeritz
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Dustin D Youmans
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Levi M Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
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