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Ketkov SY, Tzeng SY, Rychagova EA, Lukoyanov AN, Tzeng WB. Effect of a single methyl substituent on the electronic structure of cobaltocene studied by computationally assisted MATI spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1046-1056. [PMID: 38095021 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05120j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Metallocenes represent archetypical organometallic compounds playing key roles in various fields of fundamental and applied chemistry. Many of their unique properties arise from low ionization energies (IE) which can be tuned by introducing substituents into the rings. Here we report the first mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectrum of a methylmetallocene, (Cp')(Cp)Co (Cp' = η5-C5H4Me, Cp = η5-C5H5). The presence of a single Me group allows us to study the "pure" effect of methylation without the mutual influence of substituents. The MATI technique provides an extremely high accuracy in determining the adiabatic IE of (Cp')(Cp)Co which equals 5.2097(6) eV. The effect of a Me group on the IE of cobaltocene appears to be 36% stronger than that in bis(η6-benzene)chromium. The MATI spectrum of (Cp')(Cp)Co shows a rich vibronic structure from which vibrational frequencies of the free ion are determined. This information provides a solid basis for testing the quality of quantum chemical calculations. Various levels of the DFT and coupled cluster computations are used to describe the structural and electronic transformations accompanying the detachment of an elctron from (Cp')(Cp)Co. New aspects of the methyl substituent influence on the potential energy surfaces, as well as on the inhomogeneous changes in charge density and electrostatic potential caused by ionization, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Yu Ketkov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS, 49 Tropinin St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.
| | - Sheng-Yuan Tzeng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, 1 Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Elena A Rychagova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS, 49 Tropinin St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.
| | - Anton N Lukoyanov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry RAS, 49 Tropinin St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.
| | - Wen-Bih Tzeng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, 1 Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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2
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Dembitsky VM. Steroids Bearing Heteroatom as Potential Drugs for Medicine. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2698. [PMID: 37893072 PMCID: PMC10604304 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteroatom steroids, a diverse class of organic compounds, have attracted significant attention in the field of medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. The biological profiles of heteroatom steroids are of considerable interest to chemists, biologists, pharmacologists, and the pharmaceutical industry. These compounds have shown promise as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. Moreover, the incorporation of heteroatoms has led to the development of targeted drug delivery systems, prodrugs, and other innovative pharmaceutical approaches. Heteroatom steroids represent a fascinating area of research, bridging the fields of organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology. The exploration of their chemical diversity and biological activities holds promise for the discovery of novel drug candidates and the development of more effective and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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3
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Qiu S, Xue H, Wang R, Zhang C, He Q, Chang G, Bu W. Synthesis of platinum(II)-complex end-tethered polymers: spectroscopic properties and nanostructured particles. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2891-2901. [PMID: 37039071 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although metal-containing polymers have been widely studied as a novel class of functional soft materials, the microphase separation between polymeric segments and metal-ligand complexes has been less addressed, which is critical to control their structures and functions. To do this, short-chain polystyrenes (PSs) have been end-functionalized with nanosized square-planar platinum(II) complexes. The platinum(II)-comprising polymers were found to show significant luminescence enhancement in chloroform/methanol solvent mixtures upon increasing the methanol composition. By modulating both the PS length and solvent quality, various self-assembled morphologies formed controllably in the mixed solvents and typical examples include nanofibers, nanoellipsoids, and nanospheres. More interestingly, the inside structures of these polymer particles are shown to be lamellar with sub-10 nm spacings, wherein the PS blocks are alternatively aligned with the platinum(II) units. Such a luminescence enhancement and hierarchical nanostructured particles originate from a subtle combination of directional Pt(II)⋯Pt(II) and/or π-π stacking interactions between the platinum(II) units and the solvophobic effect between the PS blocks. This work suggests that by microphase separating polymer chains with nanosized metal-ligand complexes, metal-containing polymers can self-assemble to form sub-10 nm scale nanostructures showcasing desired properties and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Hua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Qun He
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Guanjun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials & School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Weifeng Bu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metals Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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Sha Y, Zhou Z, Hu Y, Zhang H, Li X. Heterobimetallic polymers with pendant metallocenes: Correlating metallopolymer structures with properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Müller S, Lee W, Song JY, Kang E, Joo JM. Nondirected Pd-catalyzed aerobic C-H alkenylation of ruthenocene and ferrocene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10809-10812. [PMID: 36069397 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04208h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed alkenylations of metallocenes via C-H activation were developed using electronically tunable pyrazolonaphthyridine (PzNPy) ligands. Ferrocene was alkenylated using the most electron-deficient ligand in the series, whereas the less reactive ruthenocene needed balancing of the electrophilicity and stability of catalysts. Various alkenes were installed, allowing fine-tuning of redox potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Woohyeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Yeong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunsu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Hernández JG. Polymer and small molecule mechanochemistry: closer than ever. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1225-1235. [PMID: 36158177 PMCID: PMC9490067 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and scission of chemical bonds facilitated by mechanical force (mechanochemistry) can be accomplished through various experimental strategies. Among them, ultrasonication of polymeric matrices and ball milling of reaction partners have become the two leading approaches to carry out polymer and small molecule mechanochemistry, respectively. Often, the methodological differences between these practical strategies seem to have created two seemingly distinct lines of thought within the field of mechanochemistry. However, in this Perspective article, the reader will encounter a series of studies in which some aspects believed to be inherently related to either polymer or small molecule mechanochemistry sometimes overlap, evidencing the connection between both approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Hernández
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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Sha Y, Zhou Z, Zhu M, Luo Z, Xu E, Li X, Yan H. The Mechanochemistry of Carboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203169. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sha
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Miao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Science Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Zhenyang Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Enhua Xu
- Graduate School of System Informatics Kobe University Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry College of Science Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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8
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Sha Y, Zhou Z, Zhu M, Luo Z, Xu E, Li X, Yan H. The Mechanochemistry of Carboranes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sha
- Nanjing Forestry University Chemistry and Biochemistry 159 Longpan StNanjing Forestry University 210037 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Nanjing Forestry University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Miao Zhu
- Nanjing Agricultural University Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Enhua Xu
- Kobe University Graduate School of System Informatics: Kobe Daigaku Daigakuin System Johogaku Kenkyuka Chemistry JAPAN
| | - Xiang Li
- Nanjing Agricultural University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Hong Yan
- Nanjing University Chemistry CHINA
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9
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Küng R, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Release of Molecular Cargo from Polymer Systems by Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103860. [PMID: 34878679 PMCID: PMC9306765 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The design and manipulation of (multi)functional materials at the nanoscale holds the promise of fuelling tomorrow's major technological advances. In the realm of macromolecular nanosystems, the incorporation of force-responsive groups, so called mechanophores, has resulted in unprecedented access to responsive behaviours and enabled sophisticated functions of the resulting structures and advanced materials. Among the diverse force-activated motifs, the on-demand release or activation of compounds, such as catalysts, drugs, or monomers for self-healing, are sought-after since they enable triggering pristine small molecule function from macromolecular frameworks. Here, we highlight examples of molecular cargo release systems from polymer-based architectures in solution by means of sonochemical activation by ultrasound (ultrasound-induced mechanochemistry). Important design concepts of these advanced materials are discussed, as well as their syntheses and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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Zhai T, Ambrose K, Nyayachavadi A, Walter KG, Rondeau-Gagné S, Feldblyum JI. Ferrocene metallopolymers of intrinsic microporosity (MPIMs). Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:238-241. [PMID: 34792521 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05022b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We show here that non-network metallopolymers can possess intrinsic microporosity stemming from contortion introduced by metallocene building blocks. Metallopolymers constructed from ferrocenyl building blocks linked by phenyldiacetylene bridges are synthesized and possess BET surface areas up to 400 m2 g-1. As solubility imparted by pendant groups reduces porosity, copolymerization is used to simultaneously improve both accessible surface area and solubility. Spectroscopic analysis provides evidence that mixed valency between neighboring ferrocenyl units is supported in these polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianran Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
| | - Kenson Ambrose
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Audithya Nyayachavadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Kelly G Walter
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Jeremy I Feldblyum
- Department of Chemistry, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
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Zhang H, Zhou Z, Chen X, Yu B, Luo Z, Li X, Rahman MA, Sha Y. Sequence-Controlled Metallopolymers: Synthesis and Properties. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhenyang Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Md Anisur Rahman
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-2008, United States
| | - Ye Sha
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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