1
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Ruiz-Mateos Serrano R, Aguzin A, Mitoudi-Vagourdi E, Tao X, Naegele TE, Jin AT, Lopez-Larrea N, Picchio ML, Vinicio Alban-Paccha M, Minari RJ, Mecerreyes D, Dominguez-Alfaro A, Malliaras GG. 3D printed PEDOT:PSS-based conducting and patternable eutectogel electrodes for machine learning on textiles. Biomaterials 2024; 310:122624. [PMID: 38805956 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The proliferation of medical wearables necessitates the development of novel electrodes for cutaneous electrophysiology. In this work, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is combined with a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) to develop printable and biocompatible electrodes for long-term cutaneous electrophysiology recordings. The impact of printing parameters on the conducting properties, morphological characteristics, mechanical stability and biocompatibility of the material were investigated. The optimised eutectogel formulations were fabricated in four different patterns -flat, pyramidal, striped and wavy- to explore the influence of electrode geometry on skin conformability and mechanical contact. These electrodes were employed for impedance and forearm EMG measurements. Furthermore, arrays of twenty electrodes were embedded into a textile and used to generate body surface potential maps (BSPMs) of the forearm, where different finger movements were recorded and analysed. Finally, BSPMs for three different letters (B, I, O) in sign-language were recorded and used to train a logistic regressor classifier able to reliably identify each letter. This novel cutaneous electrode fabrication approach offers new opportunities for long-term electrophysiological recordings, online sign-language translation and brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Ruiz-Mateos Serrano
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ana Aguzin
- Group of Polymers and Polymerization Reactors, INTEC, National University of the Litoral - CONICET, Güemes 3450, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Eleni Mitoudi-Vagourdi
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Xudong Tao
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Tobias E Naegele
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Amy T Jin
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Naroa Lopez-Larrea
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Matías L Picchio
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain; Group of Polymers and Polymerization Reactors, INTEC, National University of the Litoral - CONICET, Güemes 3450, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Marco Vinicio Alban-Paccha
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK; Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roque J Minari
- Group of Polymers and Polymerization Reactors, INTEC, National University of the Litoral - CONICET, Güemes 3450, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
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2
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Martinelli A, Nitti A, Po R, Pasini D. C2-Symmetrical 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Monomers through a Divergent Approach. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4237-4243. [PMID: 38420939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
We present a divergent synthetic approach to C2-symmetrical 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomers in which functionalities can be introduced as pendant chains from the ethylene bridge. The key synthon, obtained through a high yielding trans-etherification, is the chiral EDOT with bromomethyl pendant groups and is prone to substitution reactions with oxygen-based nucleophiles. Elimination of the key precursor affords a diene that can be elaborated into unprecedented PhEDOT monomers using the Diels-Alder reaction. The strategy is further validated by the synthesis of a dithiane-containing EDOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Po
- New Energies, Renewable Energies and Materials Science Research Center, Eni S.p.A., Via Giacomo Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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3
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Peñas-Núñez SJ, Mecerreyes D, Criado-Gonzalez M. Recent Advances and Developments in Injectable Conductive Polymer Gels for Bioelectronics. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38364213 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Soft matter bioelectronics represents an emerging and interdisciplinary research frontier aiming to harness the synergy between biology and electronics for advanced diagnostic and healthcare applications. In this context, a whole family of soft gels have been recently developed with self-healing ability and tunable biological mimetic features to act as a tissue-like space bridging the interface between the electronic device and dynamic biological fluids and body tissues. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of electroactive polymer gels, formed by noncovalent intermolecular interactions and dynamic covalent bonds, as injectable electroactive gels, covering their synthesis, characterization, and applications. First, hydrogels crafted from conducting polymers (poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polyaniline (PANi), and polypyrrole (PPy))-based networks which are connected through physical interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, hydrophobic interactions) or dynamic covalent bonds (e.g., imine bonds, Schiff-base, borate ester bonds) are addressed. Injectable hydrogels involving hybrid networks of polymers with conductive nanomaterials (i.e., graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, metallic nanoparticles, etc.) are also discussed. Besides, it also delves into recent advancements in injectable ionic liquid-integrated gels (iongels) and deep eutectic solvent-integrated gels (eutectogels), which present promising avenues for future research. Finally, the current applications and future prospects of injectable electroactive polymer gels in cutting-edge bioelectronic applications ranging from tissue engineering to biosensing are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio J Peñas-Núñez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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4
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Regato-Herbella M, Morhenn I, Mantione D, Pascuzzi G, Gallastegui A, Caribé dos Santos Valle AB, Moya SE, Criado-Gonzalez M, Mecerreyes D. ROS-Responsive 4D Printable Acrylic Thioether-Based Hydrogels for Smart Drug Release. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:1262-1272. [PMID: 38370279 PMCID: PMC10870821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in several biological functions like regulating cell survival and signaling; however, their effect can range from beneficial to nondesirable oxidative stress when they are overproduced causing inflammation or cancer diseases. Thus, the design of tailor-made ROS-responsive polymers offers the possibility of engineering hydrogels for target therapies. In this work, we developed thioether-based ROS-responsive difunctional monomers from ethylene glycol/thioether acrylate (EGnSA) with different lengths of the EGn chain (n = 1, 2, 3) by the thiol-Michael addition click reaction. The presence of acrylate groups allowed their photopolymerization by UV light, while the thioether groups conferred ROS-responsive properties. As a result, smart PEGnSA hydrogels were obtained, which could be processed by four-dimensional (4D) printing. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were determined by rheology, pointing out a decrease of the elastic modulus (G') with the length of the EG segment. To enhance the stability of the hydrogels after swelling, the EGnSA monomers were copolymerized with a polar monomer, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), leading to P[(EGnSA)x-co-HEAy] with improved compatibility in aqueous media, making it a less brittle material. Swelling properties of the hydrogels increased in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, a kind of ROS, reaching values of ≈130% for P[(EG3SA)7-co-HEA93] which confirms the stimuli-responsive properties. Then, the P[(EG3SA)x-co-HEAy] hydrogels were employed as matrixes for the encapsulation of a chemotherapeutic drug, 5-fluorouracil (5FU), which showed sustained release over time modulated by the presence of H2O2. Finally, the effect of the 5-FU release from P[(EG3SA)x-co-HEAy] hydrogels was tested in vitro with melanoma cancer cells B16F10, pointing out B16F10 growth inhibition values in the range of 40-60% modulated by the EG3SA percentage and the presence or absence of ROS agents, thus confirming their excellent ROS-responsive properties for the treatment of localized pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Regato-Herbella
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center. Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Isabel Morhenn
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center. Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniele Mantione
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center. Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Pascuzzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano ,Italy
| | - Antonela Gallastegui
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center. Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Beatriz Caribé dos Santos Valle
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergio E. Moya
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center. Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Center. Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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5
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Dominguez-Alfaro A, Mitoudi-Vagourdi E, Dimov I, Picchio ML, Lopez-Larrea N, de Lacalle JL, Tao X, Serrano RRM, Gallastegui A, Vassardanis N, Mecerreyes D, Malliaras GG. Light-Based 3D Multi-Material Printing of Micro-Structured Bio-Shaped, Conducting and Dry Adhesive Electrodes for Bioelectronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2306424. [PMID: 38251224 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a new method of multi-material printing in one-go using a commercially available 3D printer is presented. The approach is simple and versatile, allowing the manufacturing of multi-material layered or multi-material printing in the same layer. To the best of the knowledge, it is the first time that 3D printed Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) micro-patterns combining different materials are reported, overcoming mechanical stability issues. Moreover, the conducting ink is engineered to obtain stable in-time materials while retaining sub-100 µm resolution. Micro-structured bio-shaped protuberances are designed and 3D printed as electrodes for electrophysiology. Moreover, these microstructures are combined with polymerizable deep eutectic solvents (polyDES) as functional additives, gaining adhesion and ionic conductivity. As a result of the novel electrodes, low skin impedance values showed suitable performance for electromyography recording on the forearm. Finally, this concluded that the use of polyDES conferred stability over time, allowing the usability of the electrode 90 days after fabrication without losing its performance. All in all, this demonstrated a very easy-to-make procedure that allows printing PEDOT:PSS on soft, hard, and/or flexible functional substrates, opening up a new paradigm in the manufacturing of conducting multi-functional materials for the field of bioelectronics and wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Eleni Mitoudi-Vagourdi
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ivan Dimov
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Matias L Picchio
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Naroa Lopez-Larrea
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Jon Lopez de Lacalle
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Xudong Tao
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Ruben Ruiz-Mateos Serrano
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Antonela Gallastegui
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain
| | | | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
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6
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Tabak T, Kaya K, Isci R, Ozturk T, Yagci Y, Kiskan B. Combining Step-Growth and Chain-Growth Polymerizations in One Pot: Light-Induced Fabrication of Conductive Nanoporous PEDOT-PCL Scaffold. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300455. [PMID: 37633841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel method based on light-induced fabrication of a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polycaprolactone (PEDOT-PCL) scaffold using phenacyl bromide (PAB) as a single-component photoinitiator is presented. HBr released from the step-growth polymerization of EDOT is utilized as an in situ catalyst for the chain-growth polymerization of ε-caprolactone. Detailed investigations disclose the formation of a self-assembled nanoporous electroconductive scaffold (1.2 mS cm-1 ). Fluorescence emission spectra of the fabricated scaffold exhibit a mixed solvatochromic behavior, indicating specific interactions between the self-assembled scaffold and solvents with varying polarities, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, the same light-induced technique can also be applied for bulk photopolymerization showcasing the versatility and wide-ranging scope of the originated method. In brief, this study introduces a novel approach for light-induced polymerization reactions that is merging step-growth and chain-growth mechanisms. This innovative approach is promising to facilitate in situ polymerization of monomers possessing diverse functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugberk Tabak
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Kerem Kaya
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Recep Isci
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Turan Ozturk
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
- TUBITAK UME, Chemistry Group Laboratories, Kocaeli 54, Gebze, 41470, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
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7
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Lopez-Larrea N, Gallastegui A, Lezama L, Criado-Gonzalez M, Casado N, Mecerreyes D. Fast Visible-Light 3D Printing of Conductive PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300229. [PMID: 37357826 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Functional inks for light-based 3D printing are actively being searched for being able to exploit all the potentialities of additive manufacturing. Herein, a fast visible-light photopolymerization process is showed of conductive PEDOT:PSS hydrogels. For this purpose, a new Type II photoinitiator system (PIS) based on riboflavin (Rf), triethanolamine (TEA), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is investigated for the visible light photopolymerization of acrylic monomers. PEDOT:PSS has a dual role by accelerating the photoinitiation process and providing conductivity to the obtained hydrogels. Using this PIS, full monomer conversion is achieved in less than 2 min using visible light. First, the PIS mechanism is studied, proposing that electron transfer between the triplet excited state of the dye (3 Rf*) and the amine (TEA) is catalyzed by PEDOT:PSS. Second, a series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)/PEDOT:PSS hydrogels with different compositions are obtained by photopolymerization. The presence of PEDOT:PSS negatively influences the swelling properties of hydrogels, but significantly increases its mechanical modulus and electrical properties. The new PIS is also tested for 3D printing in a commercially available Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printer (405 nm wavelength), obtaining high resolution and 500 µm hole size conductive scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naroa Lopez-Larrea
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Antonela Gallastegui
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Luis Lezama
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, 48940, Spain
| | - Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
| | - Nerea Casado
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastian, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
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8
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Lu Z, Li B, Wei B, Zhou G, Xu Y, Zhang J, Chen H, Hua S, Wu C, Liu X. NMP-induced surface self-corrosion-assisted rapid spin-coating method for synthesizing imprinted heterojunction photocatalyst anchored membrane towards high-efficiency selective degradation tetracycline. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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9
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Politakos N. Block Copolymers in 3D/4D Printing: Advances and Applications as Biomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020322. [PMID: 36679203 PMCID: PMC9864278 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing is a manufacturing technique in constant evolution. Day by day, new materials and methods are discovered, making 3D printing continually develop. 3D printers are also evolving, giving us objects with better resolution, faster, and in mass production. One of the areas in 3D printing that has excellent potential is 4D printing. It is a technique involving materials that can react to an environmental stimulus (pH, heat, magnetism, humidity, electricity, and light), causing an alteration in their physical or chemical state and performing another function. Lately, 3D/4D printing has been increasingly used for fabricating materials aiming at drug delivery, scaffolds, bioinks, tissue engineering (soft and hard), synthetic organs, and even printed cells. The majority of the materials used in 3D printing are polymeric. These materials can be of natural origin or synthetic ones of different architectures and combinations. The use of block copolymers can combine the exemplary properties of both blocks to have better mechanics, processability, biocompatibility, and possible stimulus behavior via tunable structures. This review has gathered fundamental aspects of 3D/4D printing for biomaterials, and it shows the advances and applications of block copolymers in the field of biomaterials over the last years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Politakos
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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10
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Thangadurai M, Ajith A, Budharaju H, Sethuraman S, Sundaramurthi D. Advances in electrospinning and 3D bioprinting strategies to enhance functional regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 142:213135. [PMID: 36215745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are essential for body movement, and the loss of motor function due to volumetric muscle loss (VML) limits the mobility of patients. Current therapeutic approaches are insufficient to offer complete functional recovery of muscle damages. Tissue engineering provides viable ways to fabricate scaffolds to regenerate damaged tissues. Hence, tissue engineering options are explored to address existing challenges in the treatment options for muscle regeneration. Electrospinning is a widely employed fabrication technique to make muscle mimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue regeneration. 3D bioprinting has also been utilized to fabricate muscle-like tissues in recent times. This review discusses the anatomy of skeletal muscle, defects, the healing process, and various treatment options for VML. Further, the advanced strategies in electrospinning of natural and synthetic polymers are discussed, along with the recent developments in the fabrication of hybrid scaffolds. Current approaches in 3D bioprinting of skeletal muscle tissues are outlined with special emphasis on the combination of electrospinning and 3D bioprinting towards the development of fully functional muscle constructs. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of these convergence techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumithra Thangadurai
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Athulya Ajith
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Harshavardhan Budharaju
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India
| | - Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials, ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, India.
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11
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Lopez-Larrea N, Criado-Gonzalez M, Dominguez-Alfaro A, Alegret N, Agua ID, Marchiori B, Mecerreyes D. Digital Light 3D Printing of PEDOT-Based Photopolymerizable Inks for Biosensing. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:6749-6759. [PMID: 36119408 PMCID: PMC9469088 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
3D conductive materials such as polymers and hydrogels that interface between biology and electronics are actively being researched for the fabrication of bioelectronic devices. In this work, short-time (5 s) photopolymerizable conductive inks based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT):polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) dispersed in an aqueous matrix formed by a vinyl resin, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) with different molecular weights (M n = 250, 575, and 700 Da), ethylene glycol (EG), and a photoinitiator have been optimized. These inks can be processed by Digital Light 3D Printing (DLP) leading to flexible and shape-defined conductive hydrogels and dry conductive PEDOTs, whose printability resolution increases with PEGDA molecular weight. Besides, the printed conductive PEDOT-based hydrogels are able to swell in water, exhibiting soft mechanical properties (Young's modulus of ∼3 MPa) similar to those of skin tissues and good conductivity values (10-2 S cm-1) for biosensing. Finally, the printed conductive hydrogels were tested as bioelectrodes for human electrocardiography (ECG) and electromyography (EMG) recordings, showing a long-term activity, up to 2 weeks, and enhanced detection signals compared to commercial Ag/AgCl medical electrodes for health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naroa Lopez-Larrea
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nuria Alegret
- Carbon
Bionanotechnology Group, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials
(CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology
Alliance (BRTA), 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
- IIS
Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of
Neuromuscular Diseases, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | | | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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12
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Electrical/Spectroscopic Stability of Conducting and Biodegradable Graft‐Copolymer. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Criado-Gonzalez M, Mecerreyes D. Thioether-based ROS responsive polymers for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7206-7221. [PMID: 35611805 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00615d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in several biological functions of living organisms such as regulation of cell signalling, production of some hormones, modulation of protein function or mediation of inflammation. In this regard, ROS responsive polymers are ideal candidates for the development of stimuli-responsive biomaterials for target therapies. Among different ROS-responsive polymers, those containing thioether groups are widely investigated in the biomedical field due to their hydrophobic to hydrophilic phase transition under oxidative conditions. This feature makes them able to self-assemble in aqueous solutions forming micellar-type nanoparticles or hydrogels to be mainly used as drug carriers for local therapies in damaged body areas characterized by high ROS production. This review article collects the main findings about the synthesis of thioether-based ROS responsive polymers and polypeptides, their self-assembly properties and ROS responsive behaviour for use as injectable nanoparticles or hydrogels. Afterward, the foremost applications of the thioether-based ROS responsive nanoparticles and hydrogels in the biomedical field, where cancer therapies are a key objective, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain. .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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14
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Terzopoulou Z, Zamboulis A, Koumentakou I, Michailidou G, Noordam MJ, Bikiaris DN. Biocompatible Synthetic Polymers for Tissue Engineering Purposes. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1841-1863. [PMID: 35438479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers have been an integral part of modern society since the early 1960s. Besides their most well-known applications to the public, such as packaging, construction, textiles and electronics, synthetic polymers have also revolutionized the field of medicine. Starting with the first plastic syringe developed in 1955 to the complex polymeric materials used in the regeneration of tissues, their contributions have never been more prominent. Decades of research on polymeric materials, stem cells, and three-dimensional printing contributed to the rapid progress of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine that envisages the potential future of organ transplantations. This perspective discusses the role of synthetic polymers in tissue engineering, their design and properties in relation to each type of application. Additionally, selected recent achievements of tissue engineering using synthetic polymers are outlined to provide insight into how they will contribute to the advancement of the field in the near future. In this way, we aim to provide a guide that will help scientists with synthetic polymer design and selection for different tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Zamboulis
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Koumentakou
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Michailidou
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michiel Jan Noordam
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Dyes, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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