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Guo H, Wang B, Fu X, Li N, Li G, Zheng G, Wang Z, Liu C, Chen Y, Weng Z, Zhang S, Jian X. A New Strategy to Improve the Toughness of Epoxy Thermosets-By Introducing Poly(ether nitrile ketone)s Containing Phthalazinone Structures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2878. [PMID: 37049172 PMCID: PMC10096459 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As high brittleness limits the application of all epoxy resins (EP), here, it can be modified by high-performance thermoplastic poly(ether nitrile ketone) containing phthalazinone structures (PPENK). Therefore, the influence of different PPENK contents on the mechanical, thermal, and low-temperature properties of EP was comprehensively investigated in this paper. The binary blend of PPENK/EP exhibited excellent properties due to homogeneous mixing and good interaction. The presence of PPENK significantly improved the mechanical properties of EP, showing 131.0%, 14.2%, and 10.0% increases in impact, tensile, and flexural strength, respectively. Morphological studies revealed that the crack deflection and bridging in PPENK were the main toughening mechanism in the blend systems. In addition, the PPENK/EP blends showed excellent thermal and low-temperature properties (-183 °C). The glass transition temperatures of the PPENK/EP blends were enhanced by approximately 50 °C. The 15 phr of the PPENK/EP blends had a low-temperature flexural strength of up to 230 MPa, which was 46.5% higher than EP. Furthermore, all blends exhibited better thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Technology Innovation Center of High Performance Resin Materials, Dalian 116024, China
- Aerospace Research Institute of Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Technology Innovation Center of High Performance Resin Materials, Dalian 116024, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Technology Innovation Center of High Performance Resin Materials, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guiyang Li
- Aerospace Research Institute of Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Guodong Zheng
- Aerospace Research Institute of Materials & Processing Technology, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Zaiyu Wang
- AVIC Jiangxi Hongdu Aviation Industry Group Company Ltd., Nanchang 330024, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Technology Innovation Center of High Performance Resin Materials, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yousi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Technology Innovation Center of High Performance Resin Materials, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhihuan Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Technology Innovation Center of High Performance Resin Materials, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shouhai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Technology Innovation Center of High Performance Resin Materials, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xigao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Technology Innovation Center of High Performance Resin Materials, Dalian 116024, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Giubertoni G, Hilbers M, Caporaletti F, Laity P, Groen H, Van der Weide A, Bonn D, Woutersen S. Hydrogen Bonds under Stress: Strain-Induced Structural Changes in Polyurethane Revealed by Rheological Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:940-946. [PMID: 36688732 PMCID: PMC9900637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable elastic properties of polymers are ultimately due to their molecular structure, but the relation between the macroscopic and molecular properties is often difficult to establish, in particular for (bio)polymers that contain hydrogen bonds, which can easily rearrange upon mechanical deformation. Here we show that two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy on polymer films in a miniature stress tester sheds new light on how the hydrogen-bond structure of a polymer is related to its viscoelastic response. We study thermoplastic polyurethane, a block copolymer consisting of hard segments of hydrogen-bonded urethane groups embedded in a soft matrix of polyether chains. The conventional infrared spectrum shows that, upon deformation, the number of hydrogen bonds increases, a process that is largely reversible. However, the 2DIR spectrum reveals that the distribution of hydrogen-bond strengths becomes slightly narrower after a deformation cycle, due to the disruption of weak hydrogen bonds, an effect that could explain the strain-cycle induced softening (Mullins effect) of polyurethane. These results show how rheo-2DIR spectroscopy can bridge the gap between the molecular structure and the macroscopic elastic properties of (bio)polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Giubertoni
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Hilbers
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Caporaletti
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Laity
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sir Robert
Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Hajo Groen
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Van der Weide
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Guo L, Chen Z, Han H, Liu G, Luo M, Cui N, Dong H, Li MZ. Advances and outlook in modified graphene oxide (GO)/epoxy composites for mechanical applications. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li Y, Gong C, Hou Z, Zhou W, Liu C, Peng L, Wu Y, Shi Q, Cheng Q. Flexible epoxy‐dispersed liquid crystal membranes of intrinsic thermal conductivity with high voltage orientation molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Changdan Gong
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Zhenzhong Hou
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Longgui Peng
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Qin Shi
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Qiwei Cheng
- College of Material Science and Engineering Xi'an University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
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