1
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Caffrey DF, Gorai T, Rawson B, Martínez‐Calvo M, Kitchen JA, Murray NS, Kotova O, Comby S, Peacock RD, Stachelek P, Pal R, Gunnlaugsson T. Ligand Chirality Transfer from Solution State to the Crystalline Self-Assemblies in Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) Active Lanthanide Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307448. [PMID: 38447160 PMCID: PMC11095229 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a family of chiral and enantiomerically pure pyridyl-diamide (pda) ligands that upon complexation with europium [Eu(CF3SO3)3] result in chiral complexes with metal centered luminescence is reported; the sets of enantiomers giving rise to both circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) signatures. The solid-state structures of these chiral metallosupramolecular systems are determined using X-ray diffraction showing that the ligand chirality is transferred from solution to the solid state. This optically favorable helical packing arrangement is confirmed by recording the CPL spectra from the crystalline assembly by using steady state and enantioselective differential chiral contrast (EDCC) CPL Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (CPL-LSCM) where the two enantiomers can be clearly distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Caffrey
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Tumpa Gorai
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- Present address:
Department of Polymers and Functional MaterialsCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad500007India
| | - Bláithín Rawson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Miguel Martínez‐Calvo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultade de QuímicaCampus VidaUniversidade de Santiago de CompostelaSantiago de Compostela15782Spain
| | - Jonathan A. Kitchen
- Chemistry, Institute of Natural and Mathematical SciencesMassey UniversityAuckland0632New Zealand
| | - Niamh S. Murray
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Oxana Kotova
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- AMBER (Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research) CentreTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | - Steve Comby
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
| | | | | | - Robert Pal
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversityDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI)Trinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
- AMBER (Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research) CentreTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin2Ireland
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2
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Moree LK, Faulkner LAV, Crowley JD. Heterometallic cages: synthesis and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:25-46. [PMID: 38037385 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00690e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
High symmetry metallosupramolecular architectures (MSAs) have been exploited for a range of applications including molecular recognition, catalysis and drug delivery. Recently there have been increasing efforts to enhance those applications by generating reduced symmetry MSAs. While there are several emerging methods for generating lower symmetry MSAs, this tutorial review examines the general methods used for synthesizing heterometallic MSAs with a particular focus on heterometallic cages. Additionally, the intrinsic properties of the cages and their potential emerging applications as host-guest systems and reaction catalysts are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana K Moree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Logan A V Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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3
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Bell DJ, Zhang T, Geue N, Rogers CJ, Barran PE, Bowen AM, Natrajan LS, Riddell IA. Hexanuclear Ln 6 L 6 Complex Formation by Using an Unsymmetric Ligand. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302497. [PMID: 37733973 PMCID: PMC10946940 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Multinuclear, self-assembled lanthanide complexes present clear opportunities as sensors and imaging agents. Despite the widely acknowledged potential of this class of supramolecule, synthetic and characterization challenges continue to limit systematic studies into their self-assembly restricting the number and variety of lanthanide architectures reported relative to their transition metal counterparts. Here we present the first study evaluating the effect of ligand backbone symmetry on multinuclear lanthanide complex self-assembly. Replacement of a symmetric ethylene linker with an unsymmetric amide at the center of a homoditopic ligand governs formation of an unusual Ln6 L6 complex with coordinatively unsaturated metal centers. The choice of triflate as a counterion, and the effect of ionic radii are shown to be critical for formation of the Ln6 L6 complex. The atypical Ln6 L6 architecture is characterized using a combination of mass spectrometry, luminescence, DOSY NMR and EPR spectroscopy measurements. Luminescence experiments support clear differences between comparable Eu6 L6 and Eu2 L3 complexes, with relatively short luminescent lifetimes and low quantum yields observed for the Eu6 L6 structure indicative of non-radiative decay processes. Synthesis of the Gd6 L6 analogue allows three distinct Gd⋯Gd distance measurements to be extracted using homo-RIDME EPR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Bell
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass SpectrometryDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM17DNUK
| | - Niklas Geue
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass SpectrometryDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM17DNUK
| | - Ciarán J. Rogers
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic ResonancePhoton Science InstituteThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass SpectrometryDepartment of ChemistryThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM17DNUK
| | - Alice M. Bowen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
- National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic ResonancePhoton Science InstituteThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Louise S. Natrajan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Imogen A. Riddell
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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4
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Wieghold S, Shirato N, Cheng X, Latt KZ, Trainer D, Sottie R, Rosenmann D, Masson E, Rose V, Wai Hla S. X-ray Spectroscopy of a Rare-Earth Molecular System Measured at the Single Atom Limit at Room Temperature. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:20064-20071. [PMID: 37850084 PMCID: PMC10577675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the limit of X-ray detection at room temperature on rare-earth molecular films using lanthanum and a pyridine-based dicarboxamide organic linker as a model system. Synchrotron X-ray scanning tunneling microscopy is used to probe the molecules with different coverages on a HOPG substrate. X-ray-induced photocurrent intensities are measured as a function of molecular coverage on the sample, allowing a correlation of the amount of La ions with the photocurrent signal strength. X-ray absorption spectroscopy shows cogent M4,5 absorption edges of the lanthanum ion originated by the transitions from the 3d3/2 and 3d5/2 to 4f orbitals. X-ray absorption spectra measured in the tunneling regime further reveal an X-ray excited tunneling current produced at the M4,5 absorption edge of the La ion down to the ultimate atomic limit at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wieghold
- Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nozomi Shirato
- Nanoscience
& Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xinyue Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Kyaw Zin Latt
- Nanoscience
& Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Daniel Trainer
- Nanoscience
& Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Richard Sottie
- Nanoscale
& Quantum Phenomena Institute, and Department of Physics &
Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Daniel Rosenmann
- Nanoscience
& Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Eric Masson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Volker Rose
- Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Saw Wai Hla
- Nanoscience
& Technology Division, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Nanoscale
& Quantum Phenomena Institute, and Department of Physics &
Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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5
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Synthesis, structure, fluorescence and thermochemical properties of the lanthanide complexes of 2-chloro-6-fluorobenzoic acid and 2,2′:6′2″-tripyridine ligands. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Abdolmaleki S, Aliabadi A, Ghadermazi M. Two La(III) complexes containing pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate as in vitro potent cytotoxic agents toward human lymphocyte cells. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Yim K, Yeung C, Wong MY, Probert MR, Law G. Differentiable Formation of Chiroptical Lanthanide Heterometallic Ln n Ln' 4-n (L 6 ) (n=0-4) Tetrahedra with C 2 -Symmetrical Bis(tridentate) Ligands. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201655. [PMID: 35778773 PMCID: PMC9805037 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Construction of lanthanide heterometallic complex is important for engineering multifunction molecular containers. However, it remains a challenge because of the similar ionic radii of lanthanides. Herein we attempt to prepare chiral lanthanide heterometallic tetrahedra. Upon crystallization with a mixture of [Eu2 L3 ] and [Ln2 L3 ] (Ln=Gd, Tb and Dy) helicates, a mixture of heterometallic Eun Ln'4-n (L6 ) (n=0-4) tetrahedra was prepared. Selective formation of heterometallic tetrahedron was observed as MS deconvolution results deviated from statistical results. The formation of heterometallic tetrahedron was found to be sensitive to ionic radii as well as the ratio of the two helicates used in the crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- King‐Him Yim
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryDepartment of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, KowloonHong Kong)China
| | - Chi‐Tung Yeung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryDepartment of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, KowloonHong Kong)China
| | - Melody Yee‐Man Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryDepartment of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, KowloonHong Kong)China
| | - Michael R. Probert
- ChemistrySchool of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle Upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | - Ga‐Lai Law
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug DiscoveryDepartment of Applied Biology and Chemical TechnologyThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, KowloonHong Kong)China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhen518000P. R. China
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8
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Chen C, Zhang HD, Tao Y, Liang LJ, He C, Su BC, Li HY, Huang FP. Tracking the Stepwise Formation of a Water-Soluble Fluorescent Tb 12 Cluster for Efficient Doxorubicin Detection. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9385-9391. [PMID: 35687833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthraquinone drug used for the efficient treatment of a variety of tumors in human beings. Unfortunately, its poor biodegradability causes incomplete metabolism in the body. Therefore, it is of great significance to synthesize a sensitive and selective material for DOX detection. In this paper, we report a water-soluble Tb12 cluster and track its step-by-step formation (L → Tb1L1 → Tb2L1 → Tb2L2 → Tb3L2 → Tb4L2 → Tb12L6). Tb12 can be used to determine the presence of DOX, which quenches the luminescence of the Tb12 aqueous solution, and the detection limit can reach 13 nM (KSV = 8.7 × 105 M-1). Tb12 has advantages of high sensitivity and high selectivity for the detection of DOX in a simulated environment of human urine and serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Da Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Long-Jin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Cui He
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, P. R. China
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9
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Li XZ, Tian CB, Sun QF. Coordination-Directed Self-Assembly of Functional Polynuclear Lanthanide Supramolecular Architectures. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6374-6458. [PMID: 35133796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide supramolecular chemistry is a fast growing and intriguing research field due to the unique photophysical, magnetic, and coordination properties of lanthanide ions (LnIII). Compared with the intensively investigated mononuclear Ln-complexes, polymetallic lanthanide supramolecular assemblies offer more structural superiority and functional advantages. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in polynuclear lanthanide supramolecules, varying from structural evolution to luminescent and magnetic functional materials. This review summarizes the design principles in ligand-induced coordination-driven self-assembly of polynuclear Ln-structures and intends to offer guidance for the construction of more elegant Ln-based architectures and optimization of their functional performances. Design principles concerning the water solubility and chirality of the lanthanide-organic assemblies that are vital in extending their applications are emphasized. The strategies for improving the luminescent properties and the applications in up-conversion, host-guest chemistry, luminescent sensing, and catalysis have been summarized. Magnetic materials based on supramolecular assembled lanthanide architectures are given in an individual section and are classified based on their structural features. Challenges remaining and perspective directions in this field are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Bin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Fu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
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10
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Song FQ, Cheng H, Zhao NN, Song XQ, Wang L. Anion-Dependent Structure and Luminescence Diversity in Zn II-Ln III Heterometallic Architectures Supported by a Salicylamide-Imine Ligand. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17051-17062. [PMID: 34694111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To advance the structural development and fully explore the application potential, it is highly desirable but challenging to elucidate the relationship between the structures and properties of ZnII-LnIII heterometallic species. Herein, three types of ZnII-LnIII heterometallic compounds (LnIII = GdIII, TbIII) formulated as [Zn16Ln4L12(μ3-O)4(NO3)12]·8CH3CN (ZnLn-1), [Zn2Ln2L2(NO3)6(H2O)2]·3CH3CN (ZnLn-2), and [Zn4Ln2L8(OAc)12]·xCH3CN (ZnLn-3: for Ln = Gd, x = 5; for Ln = Tb, x = 4) were dictated by common inorganic anions, NO3- and OAc-, with the aid of the multidentate ligand H2L with propane as the central skeleton and 3-methoxysalicylamide and 3-methoxysalicylaldimine as terminal groups. ZnLn-1 features cubic cages with four {Zn4L3} tetrahedral subunits and four Ln3+ centers positioned at the eight vertices alternately when NO3- was introduced into the reaction system exclusively. An attempt to replace NO3- in ZnLn-1 with OAc- partially led to the formation of {Zn2Ln2L2} heterometallic wheels. Meanwhile, ZnLn-3 featuring double-hairpin-like {Zn4Ln2L4} hemicycles that are orthogonal to each other assisted by intermolecular hydrogen bonds was constructed when NO3- in ZnLn-1 was completely replaced by OAc-. Their structural integrity in solution were ascertained by both emission and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Ascribed to the different Zn2+-containing antenna, ZnTb-2 possesses a relatively strong emission characteristic of Tb3+; ZnTb-1 has moderate Tb3+ luminescence, yet an absence of Tb3+ emission is found in ZnTb-3. Such an emission difference could be mainly attributed to the antenna effect directed by distinct structural characteristics induced by anions. The anion-dictated self-assembly strategy presented herein not only offers a facile approach to regulate the coordination mode of H2L to such an extent to obtain diverse structures of ZnII-LnIII heterometallic species but also provides an understanding of how common inorganic anions tune coordination-driven self-assemblies as well as the subsequent luminescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Qiang Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Na-Na Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qin Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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11
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Chen C, Zhang A. Radii-dependent self-assembly polynuclear lanthanide complexes as catalysts for CO 2 transformation into cyclic carbonates. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of lanthanide complexes with structural variation from a dinuclear to pentanuclear structure are found to be dependent on the radii of Ln3+ ions, and show high catalytic performance to obtain cyclic carbonates under solvent-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjuan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, People's Republic of China
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