1
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Wang Y, Yao Y, Fu N. Electrophotochemical metal-catalyzed synthesis of alkylnitriles from simple aliphatic carboxylic acids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1497-1503. [PMID: 38978749 PMCID: PMC11228820 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We report a practical and sustainable electrophotochemical metal-catalyzed protocol for decarboxylative cyanation of simple aliphatic carboxylic acids. This environmentally friendly method features easy availability of substrates, broad functional group compatibility, and directly converts a diverse range of aliphatic carboxylic acids including primary and tertiary alkyl acids into synthetically versatile alkylnitriles without using chemical oxidants or costly cyanating reagents under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Yan Y, Wang P, Wang Y, Dong J, Li G, Wang C, Xue D. Light-Triggered, Ni-Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Triflates with 1,4-Dicyanobenzene as the CN Source. Org Lett 2024; 26:1370-1375. [PMID: 38358108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A light-triggered, Ni-catalyzed cyanation of aryl triflates was herein reported, which provides a benign photochemical synthesis of aryl nitriles using 1,4-dicyanobenzene as the CN source instead of HCN or a metallic CN source. This mild method uses a readily available bisphosphine ligand and a soluble organosilicon reagent as the reductant and is carried out under purple light without an external photocatalyst. This cyanation was effective for aryl triflates derived from phenols and bisphenols as well as lignin-derived phenolic compounds, demonstrating its potential utility for the synthesis of aryl nitriles from biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jianyang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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3
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Shan Y, Zhang X, Liu G, Li J, Liu Y, Wang J, Chen D. Cyanation with isocyanides: recent advances and perspectives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1546-1562. [PMID: 38240334 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05880h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cyanation has attracted considerable attention in organic synthesis because nitriles are key structural motifs in numerous important dyes, agrochemicals, natural products and drug molecules. As the fourth generation of cyanating reagents, isocyanides occupy a prominent place in the synthesis of nitriles due to their favorable stability, easy operability and high reactivity. In recent years, three types of cyanation with isocyanides have been established: the cleavage of the C-NC bond of tertiary alkyl isocyanides (Type I), the rearrangement of aryl isocyanides with azides (Type II), and the reductive cyanation of ketones with α-acidic isocyanides (Type III). This review focuses on advances in cyanation with isocyanides with an emphasis on reaction scope, limitations and mechanisms, which could reveal their remarkable value and superiority for accessing various nitriles. In addition, the future development prospects of this specific field are also introduced. We believe that this feature article will serve as a comprehensive tool to navigate cyanation with isocyanides across the vast area of synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shan
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiuhua Zhang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Gongle Liu
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Jianming Li
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Yongwei Liu
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
| | - Dianpeng Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China.
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4
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Xu GQ, Wang WD, Xu PF. Photocatalyzed Enantioselective Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1209-1223. [PMID: 38170467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its diverse activation processes including single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT), visible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable and efficient platform for organic synthesis. These processes provide a powerful avenue for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds under mild conditions. Over the past decade, there have been remarkable advances in the enantioselective functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bond via photocatalysis combined with conventional asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we summarize the advances in asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization involving visible-light photocatalysis and discuss two main pathways in this emerging field: (a) SET-driven carbocation intermediates are followed by stereospecific nucleophile attacks; and (b) photodriven alkyl radical intermediates are further enantioselectively captured by (i) chiral π-SOMOphile reagents, (ii) stereoselective transition-metal complexes, and (iii) another distinct stereoscopic radical species. We aim to summarize key advances in reaction design, catalyst development, and mechanistic understanding, to provide new insights into this rapidly evolving area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei David Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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5
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Han T, Cao X, Chen HC, Ma J, Yu Y, Li Y, Xu W, Sun K, Huang A, Chen Z, Chen C, Zhang H, Ye B, Peng Q, Li Y. Photosynthesis of Benzonitriles on BiOBr Nanosheets Promoted by Vacancy Associates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202313325. [PMID: 37818672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic organic functionalization reactions represent a green, cost-effective, and sustainable synthesis route for value-added chemicals. However, heterogeneous photocatalysis is inefficient in directly activating ammonia molecules for the production of high-value-added nitrogenous organic products when compared with oxygen activation in the formation of related oxygenated compounds. In this study, we report the heterogeneous photosynthesis of benzonitriles by the ammoxidation of benzyl alcohols (99 % conversion, 93 % selectivity) promoted using BiOBr nanosheets with surface vacancy associates. In contrast, the main reaction of catalysts with other types of vacancy sites is the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde or benzoic acid. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations have demonstrated a specificity of vacancy type with respect to product selectivity, which arises from the adsorption and activation of NH3 and O2 that is required to promote subsequent C-N coupling and oxidation to nitrile. This study provides a better understanding of the role of vacancies as catalytic sites in heterogeneous photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Han
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xing Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Hsiao-Chien Chen
- Center for Reliability Science and Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Junguo Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Kaian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Aijian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bangjiao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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6
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Kraka E, Antonio JJ, Freindorf M. Reaction mechanism - explored with the unified reaction valley approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:7151-7165. [PMID: 37233449 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01576a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the ultimate goals of chemistry is to understand and manipulate chemical reactions, which implies the ability to monitor the reaction and its underlying mechanism at an atomic scale. In this article, we introduce the Unified Reaction Valley Approach (URVA) as a tool for elucidating reaction mechanisms, complementing existing computational procedures. URVA combines the concept of the potential energy surface with vibrational spectroscopy and describes a chemical reaction via the reaction path and the surrounding reaction valley traced out by the reacting species on the potential energy surface on their way from the entrance to the exit channel, where the products are located. The key feature of URVA is the focus on the curving of the reaction path. Moving along the reaction path, any electronic structure change of the reacting species is registered by a change in the normal vibrational modes spanning the reaction valley and their coupling with the path, which recovers the curvature of the reaction path. This leads to a unique curvature profile for each chemical reaction, with curvature minima reflecting minimal change and curvature maxima indicating the location of important chemical events such as bond breaking/formation, charge polarization and transfer, rehybridization, etc. A decomposition of the path curvature into internal coordinate components or other coordinates of relevance for the reaction under consideration, provides comprehensive insight into the origin of the chemical changes taking place. After giving an overview of current experimental and computational efforts to gain insight into the mechanism of a chemical reaction and presenting the theoretical background of URVA, we illustrate how URVA works for three diverse processes, (i) [1,3] hydrogen transfer reactions; (ii) α-keto-amino inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro; (iii) Rh-catalyzed cyanation. We hope that this article will inspire our computational colleagues to add URVA to their repertoire and will serve as an incubator for new reaction mechanisms to be studied in collaboration with our experimental experts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA.
| | - Juliana J Antonio
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA.
| | - Marek Freindorf
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA.
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7
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Doettinger F, Yang Y, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. Bichromophoric Photosensitizers: How and Where to Attach Pyrene Moieties to Phenanthroline to Generate Copper(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:8166-8178. [PMID: 37200533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and organic dye that can form superior bichromophoric systems when combined with a transition metal-based chromophore. However, little is known about the effect of the type of attachment (i.e., 1- vs 2-pyrenyl) and the individual position of the pyrenyl substituents at the ligand. Therefore, a systematic series of three novel diimine ligands and their respective heteroleptic diimine-diphosphine copper(I) complexes has been designed and extensively studied. Special attention was given to two different substitution strategies: (i) attaching pyrene via its 1-position, which occurs most frequently in the literature, or via its 2-position and (ii) targeting two contrasting substitution patterns at the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand, i.e., the 5,6- and the 4,7-position. In the applied spectroscopic, electrochemical, and theoretical methods (UV/vis, emission, time-resolved luminescence and transient absorption, cyclic voltammetry, density functional theory), it has been shown that the precise choice of the derivatization sites is crucial. Substituting the pyridine rings of phenanthroline in the 4,7-position with the 1-pyrenyl moiety has the strongest impact on the bichromophore. This approach results in the most anodically shifted reduction potential and a drastic increase in the excited state lifetime by more than two orders of magnitude. In addition, it enables the highest singlet oxygen quantum yield of 96% and the most beneficial activity in the photocatalytic oxidation of 1,5-dihydroxy-naphthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Doettinger
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yingya Yang
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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8
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Wang JM, Chen T, Yao CS, Zhang K. Synthesis of β-Ketonitriles via N-Heterocyclic-Carbene-Catalyzed Radical Coupling of Aldehydes and Azobis(isobutyronitrile). Org Lett 2023; 25:3325-3329. [PMID: 37104729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene)-catalyzed radical coupling reaction between aldehydes and azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) has been developed. This method provides an efficient and convenient approach for the synthesis of β-ketonitriles containing a quaternary carbon center (31 examples, up to >99% yield) utilizing commercially available substrates. This protocol features broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and high efficiency under metal-free and mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Mei Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Teng Chen
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, PR China
| | - Chang-Sheng Yao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
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9
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Wei HZ, Shi M, Wei Y. Visible-light-induced reactions of methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs). Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2726-2738. [PMID: 36752186 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Diverse, visible-light-induced transformations of methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) have been reported in recent years, attracting significant attention from synthetic chemists. As readily accessible strained molecules, MCPs have sufficient reactivity to selectively generate different target products, through reactions with various radical species upon visible-light irradiation under regulated reaction conditions. These transformations can be classified into three subcategories of reaction pathway, forming ring-opened products, cyclopropane derivatives, and alkynes. These products include pharmaceutical intermediates and polycyclic/heterocyclic compounds that are challenging to obtain using traditional methods. This review summarizes the recent advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zhao Wei
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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10
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Yang K, Wang Y, Luo S, Fu N. Electrophotochemical Metal-Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Cyanation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203962. [PMID: 36638008 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the rapid growth of electrophotocatalysis in recent years, enantioselective catalytic reactions powered by this unique methodology remain rare. In this work, we report an electrophotochemical metal-catalyzed protocol for direct asymmetric decarboxylative cyanation of aliphatic carboxylic acids. The synergistic merging of electrophotochemical cerium catalysis and asymmetric electrochemical copper catalysis permits mild reaction conditions for the formation and utilization of the key carbon centered radicals by combining the power of light and electrical energy. Electrophotochemical cerium catalysis enables radical decarboxylation to produce alkyl radicals, which could be effectively intercepted by asymmetric electrochemical copper catalysis for the construction of C-CN bonds in a highly stereoselective fashion. This environmentally benign method smoothly converts a diverse array of arylacetic acids into the corresponding alkyl nitriles in good yields and enantioselectivities without using chemical oxidants or pre-functionalization of the acid substrates and can be readily scaled up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yukang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Niankai Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
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11
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Kumar GS, Shinde PS, Chen H, Muralirajan K, Kancherla R, Rueping M. Paired Electrolysis for Decarboxylative Cyanation: 4-CN-Pyridine, a Versatile Nitrile Source. Org Lett 2022; 24:6357-6363. [PMID: 36036921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A decarboxylative cyanation of amino acids under paired electrochemical reaction conditions has been developed. 4-CN-pyridine was found to be a new and effective cyanation reagent under catalyst-free conditions. Mechanistic studies support a nucleophilic reaction pathway, and the cyanation protocol can be applied to diverse substrates including N,N-dialkyl aniline and indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadde Sathish Kumar
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant S Shinde
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifeng Chen
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishnamoorthy Muralirajan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Kancherla
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Wang Z, Hao J, Lv Y, Qu C, Yue H, Wei W. Additive‐Free Visible‐Light‐Initiated Three‐Component Cyanation and Azidation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wang
- Qufu Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jindong Hao
- Qufu Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Yufen Lv
- Qufu Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Chengming Qu
- Qufu Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Huilan Yue
- Qufu Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Wei Wei
- Qufu Normal University Chemistry Jingxuan west road 57 number 273165 Qufu CHINA
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13
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Hu J, Du Q, Zhao Y, Zhang F, Chen R, Zhou JS, Wu X. Nickel-Catalyzed Chemo- and Regioselective Arylcyanation of β,γ-Unsaturated Amides. Org Lett 2022; 24:4328-4332. [PMID: 35686833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed intermolecular arylcyanation of 8-aminoquinolinyl β,γ-unsaturated amides is reported. The three-component reaction directly afforded diverse β-cyano γ-aryl amides with exclusive chemo- and regioselectivity. The synthetic practicality of this approach is further demonstrated through multigram scale reaction, expanded transformations of the nitrile product, late-stage modification of complex molecules, and direct drug synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Hu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qiang Du
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Rizhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaojin Wu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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14
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Singh J, Patel RI, Sharma A. Visible‐Light‐Mediated C‐2 Functionalization and Deoxygenative Strategies in Heterocyclic
N
‐Oxides. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Singh
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 India
| | - Roshan I. Patel
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 India
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15
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Liu Q, Zheng J, Zhang X, Ma S. Photo and copper dual catalysis for allene syntheses from propargylic derivatives via one-electron process. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3302. [PMID: 35676260 PMCID: PMC9177964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Different from the traditional two-electron oxidative addition-transmetalation-reductive elimination coupling strategy, visible light has been successfully integrated into transition metal-catalyzed coupling reaction of propargylic alcohol derivatives highly selectively forming allenenitriles: specifically speaking, visible light-mediated Cu-catalyzed cyanation of propargylic oxalates has been realized for the general, efficient, and exclusive syntheses of di-, tri, and tetra-substituted allenenitriles bearing various synthetically versatile functional groups. A set of mechanistic studies, including fluorescence quenching experiments, cyclic voltammetric measurements, radical trapping experiments, control experiments with different photocatalyst, and DFT calculation studies have proven that the current reaction proceeds via visible light-induced redox-neutral reductive quenching radical mechanism, which is a completely different approach as compared to the traditional transition metal-catalyzed two-electron oxidative addition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Shengming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China. .,Research Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
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16
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Patel RI, Singh J, Sharma A. Visible Light‐Mediated Manipulation of 1,n‐Enynes in Organic Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan I. Patel
- IIT Roorkee: Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee CHEMISTRY INDIA
| | - Jitender Singh
- IIT Roorkee: Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee CHEMISTRY INDIA
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Indian Institute of Technoology Roorkee Deptartment of Chemistry Room 303DDepartment of Chemistry, IIT Roorkee 247667 Roorkee INDIA
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17
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Ano Y, Higashino M, Yamada Y, Chatani N. Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of nitriles from N-phthaloyl hydrazones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3799-3802. [PMID: 35229860 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00342b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Pd-catalyzed transformation of N-phthaloyl hydrazones into nitriles involving the cleavage of an N-N bond is reported. The use of N-heterocyclic carbene as a ligand is essential for the success of the reaction. N-Phthaloyl hydrazones prepared from aromatic aldehydes or cyclobutanones are applicable to this transformation, which gives aryl or alkenyl nitriles, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. .,Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaya Higashino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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18
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León Sandoval A, Politano F, Witko ML, Leadbeater NE. Preparation of nitriles from aldehydes using ammonium persulfate by means of a nitroxide-catalysed oxidative functionalisation reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:667-671. [PMID: 34989384 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02187g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A methodology for the preparation of nitriles from aldehydes by means of an oxidative functionalisation reaction is reported. It employs ammonium persulfate as both the primary oxidant and the nitrogen source, and a catalytic amount of a nitroxide. It is applicable to a range of structurally diverse (hetero)aromatic aldehydes furnishing the nitrile products in 30-97% isolated yield. Given the ready accessibility of aldehydes and that ammonium persulfate is cheap and less toxic than many other reagents for generating nitriles, this methodology offers a simple and easy to use approach to this valuable class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo León Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Politano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Mason L Witko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Nicholas E Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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19
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SINGH JITENDER, Sharma A. Green and Sustainable Visible Light-Mediated Formation of Amide Bonds: An Emerging Niche in Organic Chemistry. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02406c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amide bond is one of the most fascinating functional groups in nature due to its stability, conformational diversity, high bond polarity, and abundance in numerous natural products and drug candidates,...
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20
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Park MS, Lee S. Transition-metal-catalyst-free reaction of amides and acetonitriles: synthesis of β-ketonitriles. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00884j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first example of the coupling reaction between amide and acetonitrile for the synthesis of β-ketonitriles was developed. Various amides provide the corresponding β-ketonitriles in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Seong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
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21
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Liu H, Yang Z, Huang G, Yu JT, Pan C. Cyanomethylative cyclization of unactivated alkenes with nitriles for the synthesis of cyano-containing ring-fused quinazolin-4(3 H)-ones. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of cyano-containing pyrrolo- and piperidino-quinazolinones was developed using alkyl nitriles through radical cascade addition/cyclization under metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Zixian Yang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Gao Huang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China
| | - Changduo Pan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China
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22
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Ghosh S, Laru S, Hajra A. Ortho C-H Functionalization of 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100240. [PMID: 34757691 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
C-H activation and functionalization is quite promising in recent days as the strategy offers a go-to general method for different bond formations and hence grants synthetic versatility. At the same time, imidazopyridine, a fused bicycle of imidazole moiety with pyridine ring, has a profound impact due to its ubiquitous and prodigious application in medicinal as well as material chemistry. The presence of N-1 atom in 2-arylImidazo[1,2-a]pyridine facilitates the coordination with metal catalysts leading to the formation of ortho-substituted products. This review summarizes all the articles on ortho C-H functionalization of 2-arylImidazo[1,2-a]pyridines published till August 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Sudip Laru
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
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23
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Liu W, Tang P, Zheng Y, Ren YL, Tian X, An W, Zheng X, Guo Y, Shen Z. Cu 2 O-Catalyzed Conversion of Benzyl Alcohols Into Aromatic Nitriles via the Complete Cleavage of the C≡N Triple Bond in the Cyanide Anion. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:3509-3513. [PMID: 34523819 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen transfer from cyanide anion to an aldehyde is emerging as a promising method for the synthesis of aromatic nitriles. However, this method still suffers from a disadvantage that a use of stoichiometric Cu(II) or Cu(I) salts is required to enable the reaction. As we report herein, we overcame this drawback and developed a catalytic method for nitrogen transfer from cyanide anion to an alcohol via the complete cleavage of the C≡N triple bond using phen/Cu2 O as the catalyst. The present condition allowed a series of benzyl alcohols to be smoothly converted into aromatic nitriles in moderate to high yields. In addition, the present method could be extended to the conversion of cinnamic alcohol to 3-phenylacrylonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Liu
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China) (Y.-L. Ren) (X. Z. Tian) (X. F. Zheng
| | - Peichen Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China) (Y.-L. Ren) (X. Z. Tian) (X. F. Zheng
| | - Yun-Lai Ren
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China) (Y.-L. Ren) (X. Z. Tian) (X. F. Zheng
| | - Xinzhe Tian
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China) (Y.-L. Ren) (X. Z. Tian) (X. F. Zheng
| | - Wankai An
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China) (Y.-L. Ren) (X. Z. Tian) (X. F. Zheng
| | - Xianfu Zheng
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China) (Y.-L. Ren) (X. Z. Tian) (X. F. Zheng
| | - Yinggang Guo
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China) (Y.-L. Ren) (X. Z. Tian) (X. F. Zheng
| | - Zhenpeng Shen
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China) (Y.-L. Ren) (X. Z. Tian) (X. F. Zheng
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24
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Abstract
This review summarizes the visible light mediated strategies for the functionalization of allenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Anoop Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India
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25
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Yang Q, Yan XT, Feng CT, Chen DX, Yan ZZ, Xu K. Tandem Strecker/C(sp 3)–H amination reactions for the construction of cyanide-functionalized imidazo[1,5- a]pyridines with NH 4SCN as a cyanating agent. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01060c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An I2O5-mediated multicomponent reaction that allows the single-step construction of cyano-functionalized imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines with molecular diversity was realized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Anhui academy of Chinese medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Yan
- Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Cheng-Tao Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Anhui academy of Chinese medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
- Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - De-Xiang Chen
- Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Zhong-Zhong Yan
- Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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