Widening the applications of the Just-Dip-It approach: a solid contact screen-printed ion-selective electrode for the real-time assessment of pharmaceutical dissolution testing in comparison to off-line HPLC analysis

Formulation of Saxagliptin Oral Films: Optimization, Physicochemical Characterization, In-Vivo Assessment, and In-Vitro Real-Time Release Monitoring via a Novel Polyaniline Nanoparticles-Based Solid-Contact Screen Printed Ion-Selective Electrode

Oral dispersible films have received broad interest due to fast drug absorption and no first-path metabolism, leading to high bioavailability and better patient compliance. Saxagliptin (SXG) is an antidiabetic drug that undergoes first-path metabolism, resulting in a less active metabolite, so the development of SXG oral dispersible films (SXG-ODFs) improves SXG bioavailability. The formula optimisation included a response surface experimental design and the impact of three formulation factors, the type and concentration of polymer and plasticiser concentration on in-vitro disintegration time and folding endurance. Two optimised SXG-ODFs prepared using either polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were investigated. SXG-ODFs prepared with PVA demonstrated a superior rapid disintegration time, ranging from 17 to 890 s, with the fastest disintegration time recorded at 17 s. These short durations can be attributed to the hydrophilic nature of PVA, facilitating rapid hydration and disintegration upon contact with saliva. Additionally, PVA-based films displayed remarkable folding endurance, surpassing 200 folds without rupture, indicating flexibility and stability. The high tensile strength of PVA-based films further underscores their robust mechanical properties, with tensile strength values reaching up to 4.53 MPa. SXG exhibits a UV absorption wavelength of around 212 nm, posing challenges for traditional quantitative spectrophotometric analysis, so a polyaniline nanoparticles-based solid-contact screen-printed ion-selective electrode (SP-ISE) was employed for the determination of SXG release profile effectively in comparison to HPLC. SP-ISE showed a better real-time release profile of SXG-ODFs, and the optimised formula showed lower blood glucose levels than commercial tablets.

Environmentally sustainable DRS-FTIR probe assisted by chemometric tools for quality control analysis of cinnarizine and piracetam having diverged concentration ranges: Validation, greenness, and whiteness studies

A novel diffuse reflectance fourier transform infrared spectroscopic method accompanied by chemometrics was optimized to fulfill the white analytical chemistry and green analytical chemistry principles for the quantification of cinnarizine and piracetam for the first time without any prior separation in their challenging pharmaceutical preparation, which has a pretty substantial difference in the concentration of cinnarizine/piracetam (1:16). Furthermore, the suggested method was used for cinnarizine/piracetam dissolution testing as an effective alternative to traditional methods. For the cinnarizine/piracetam dissolution tests, we used a dissolution vessel with 900 mL of phosphate buffer pH 2.5 at 37 °C ± 0.5 °C, then the sampling was carried out by frequent withdrawal of 20 µl samples from the dissolution vessel at a one-minute interval, over one hour, then representative fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded. To create a partial-least-squares regression model, a fractional factorial design with 5 different levels and 2 factors was used. This led to the creation of 25 mixtures, 15 as a calibration set and 10 as a validation set, with varying concentration ranges: 1-75 and 16-1000 μg/mL for cinnarizine/piracetam, respectively. Upon optimization of the partial-least-squares regression model, in terms of latent variables and spectral region, root mean square error of cross-validation of 0.477 and 0.270, for cinnarizine/piracetam respectively, were obtained. The optimized partial-least-squares regression model was further validated, providing good results in terms of recovery% (around 98 to 102 %), root mean square error of prediction (0.436 and 3.329), relative root mean square error of prediction (1.210 and 1.245), bias-corrected mean square error of prediction (0.059 and 0.081), and limit of detection (0.125 and 2.786) for cinnarizine/piracetam respectively. Ultimately, the developed method was assessed for whiteness, greenness, and sustainability using five assessment tools. the developed method achieved a greener national environmental method index and complementary green analytical procedure index quadrants with higher eco-scale assessment scores (91), analytical greenness metric scores (0.87), and red-greenblue 12 algorithm scores (89.7) than the reported methods, showing high practical and environmental acceptance for quality control of cinnarizine/piracetam.

Fabrication of Polyaniline Ni-Complex Catalytic Electrode by Plasma Deposition for Electrochemical Detection of Phosphate through Glucose Redox Reaction as Mediator

We report here the preparation and characterization of polyaniline Ni-complex catalytic electrode by one-pot plasma deposition for the electrochemical detection of phosphate via the redox reaction of glucose. We first prepared a precursory solution by combining NiCl2 and 3-aminobenzoic acid in a mixed solution of methanol (MeOH) and water, and adding aniline as a conductive polymeric precursor for increasing the electron transfer potential. We then synthesized the catalytic electrode in a one-step cold plasma process by preparing the precursors on ITO glass. We characterized the obtained Ni-coordinate catalytic electrode via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical methods. Electrochemical characterization produced stable redox properties of Ni3+/Ni2+ couples in a 0.1 M NaOH solution. Cyclic voltametric experiments have drastically increased electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction of glucose by increasing the concentration of phosphate (PO43−) ions using the prepared Ni-modified catalytic electrodes. From these results, the prepared catalytic electrode could be used as the electrochemical sensor for phosphate in actual water.