1
|
Li X, Wan L, Lin C, Huang WT, Zhou J, Zhu J, Yang X, Yang X, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Ren X, Jin Z, Dong L, Cheng S, Li S, Shan C. Interface Modulation for the Heterointegration of Diamond on Si. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309126. [PMID: 38477425 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Along with the increasing integration density and decreased feature size of current semiconductor technology, heterointegration of the Si-based devices with diamond has acted as a promising strategy to relieve the existing heat dissipation problem. As one of the heterointegration methods, the microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) method is utilized to synthesize large-scale diamond films on a Si substrate, while distinct structures appear at the Si-diamond interface. Investigation of the formation mechanisms and modulation strategies of the interface is crucial to optimize the heat dissipation behaviors. By taking advantage of electron microscopy, the formation of the epitaxial β-SiC interlayer is found to be caused by the interaction between the anisotropically sputtered Si and the deposited amorphous carbon. Compared with the randomly oriented β-SiC interlayer, larger diamond grain sizes can be obtained on the epitaxial β-SiC interlayer under the same synthesis condition. Moreover, due to the competitive interfacial reactions, the epitaxial β-SiC interlayer thickness can be reduced by increasing the CH4/H2 ratio (from 3% to 10%), while further increase in the ratio (to 20%) can lead to the broken of the epitaxial relationship. The above findings are expected to provide interfacial design strategies for multiple large-scale diamond applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Li Wan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chaonan Lin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Wen-Tao Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Key Lab of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Key Lab of Ocean Energy Utilization and Energy Conservation of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xun Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xigui Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yandi Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ren
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Ziliang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Shaobo Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Shunfang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Chongxin Shan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bulgakova V, Chizhov P, Ushakov A, Ratnikov P, Goncharov Y, Martyanov A, Kononenko V, Savin S, Golovnin I, Konov V, Garnov S. Optical Pump-Terahertz Probe Diagnostics of the Carrier Dynamics in Diamonds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:119. [PMID: 38203973 PMCID: PMC10779634 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Diamond is a promising material for terahertz applications. In this work, we use a non-invasive optical pump-terahertz probe method to experimentally study the photoinduced carrier dynamics in doped diamond monocrystals and a new diamond-silicon composite. The chemical vapor deposited diamond substrate with embedded silicon microparticles showed two photoinduced carrier lifetimes (short lifetime on the order of 4 ps and long lifetime on the order of 200 ps). The short lifetime is several times less than in boron-doped diamonds and nitrogen-doped diamonds which were grown using a high temperature-high pressure technique. The observed phenomenon is explained by the transport of photoexcited carriers across the silicon-diamond interface, resulting in dual relaxation dynamics. The observed phenomenon could be used for ultrafast flexible terahertz modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava Bulgakova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.C.)
| | - Pavel Chizhov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.C.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Alexander Ushakov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.C.)
| | - Pavel Ratnikov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.C.)
| | - Yuri Goncharov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.C.)
| | - Artem Martyanov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.C.)
| | - Vitali Kononenko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.C.)
| | - Sergey Savin
- Nanocenter MIREA, MIREA—Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Golovnin
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly Konov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.C.)
| | - Sergey Garnov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Z, Baluchová S, Brocken B, Ahmed E, Pobedinskas P, Haenen K, Buijnsters JG. Inkjet Printing-Manufactured Boron-Doped Diamond Chip Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing Purposes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:39915-39925. [PMID: 37556596 PMCID: PMC10450640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of patterned boron-doped diamond (BDD) in an inexpensive and straightforward way is required for a variety of practical applications, including the development of BDD-based electrochemical sensors. This work describes a simplified and novel bottom-up fabrication approach for BDD-based three-electrode sensor chips utilizing direct inkjet printing of diamond nanoparticles on silicon-based substrates. The whole seeding process, accomplished by a commercial research inkjet printer with piezo-driven drop-on-demand printheads, was systematically examined. Optimized and continuous inkjet-printed features were obtained with glycerol-based diamond ink (0.4% vol/wt), silicon substrates pretreated by exposure to oxygen plasma and subsequently to air, and applying a dot density of 750 drops (volume 9 pL) per inch. Next, the dried micropatterned substrate was subjected to a chemical vapor deposition step to grow uniform thin-film BDD, which satisfied the function of both working and counter electrodes. Silver was inkjet-printed to complete the sensor chip with a reference electrode. Scanning electron micrographs showed a closed BDD layer with a typical polycrystalline structure and sharp and well-defined edges. Very good homogeneity in diamond layer composition and a high boron content (∼2 × 1021 atoms cm-3) was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Important electrochemical characteristics, including the width of the potential window (2.5 V) and double-layer capacitance (27 μF cm-2), were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. Fast electron transfer kinetics was recognized for the [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox marker due to the high doping level, while somewhat hindered kinetics was observed for the surface-sensitive [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- probe. Furthermore, the ability to electrochemically detect organic compounds of different structural motifs, such as glucose, ascorbic acid, uric acid, tyrosine, and dopamine, was successfully verified and compared with commercially available screen-printed BDD electrodes. The newly developed chip-based manufacture method enables the rapid prototyping of different small-scale electrode designs and BDD microstructures, which can lead to enhanced sensor performance with capability of repeated use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Liu
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Brocken
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Essraa Ahmed
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paulius Pobedinskas
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ken Haenen
- Institute
for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- IMOMEC, IMEC
vzw, Wetenschapspark
1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Josephus G. Buijnsters
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leigh W, Mandal S, Cuenca JA, Wallis D, Hinz AM, Oliver RA, Thomas ELH, Williams O. Monitoring of the Initial Stages of Diamond Growth on Aluminum Nitride Using In Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30442-30449. [PMID: 37636904 PMCID: PMC10448653 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The high thermal conductivity of polycrystalline diamond makes it ideally suited for thermal management solutions for gallium nitride (GaN) devices, with a diamond layer grown on an aluminum nitride (AlN) interlayer atop the GaN stack. However, this application is limited by the thermal barrier at the interface between diamond and substrate, which has been associated with the transition region formed in the initial phases of growth. In this work, in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) is employed to monitor early-stage microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition diamond growth on AlN. An optical model was developed from ex situ spectra and applied to spectra taken in situ during growth. Coalescence of separate islands into a single film was marked by a reduction in bulk void fraction prior to a spike in sp2 fraction due to grain boundary formation. Parameters determined by the SE model were corroborated using Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Leigh
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K.
- EPSRC
Centre for Diamond Science and Technology, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Soumen Mandal
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K.
| | - Jerome A. Cuenca
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K.
| | - David Wallis
- School
of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K.
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Alexander M. Hinz
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Rachel A. Oliver
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Evan L. H. Thomas
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K.
| | - Oliver Williams
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sedov V, Martyanov A, Popovich A, Savin S, Sovyk D, Tiazhelov I, Pasternak D, Mandal S, Ralchenko V. Microporous poly- and monocrystalline diamond films produced from chemical vapor deposited diamond-germanium composites. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1307-1315. [PMID: 36866268 PMCID: PMC9972548 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00688j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel method for porous diamond fabrication, which is based on the synthesis of diamond-germanium composite films followed by etching of the Ge component. The composites were grown by microwave plasma assisted CVD in CH4-H2-GeH4 mixtures on (100) silicon, and microcrystalline- and single-crystal diamond substrates. The structure and the phase composition of the films before and after etching were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The films revealed a bright emission of GeV color centers due to diamond doping with Ge, as evidenced by photoluminescence spectroscopy. The possible applications of the porous diamond films include thermal management, surfaces with superhydrophobic properties, chromatography, supercapacitors, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Sedov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Artem Martyanov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Alexey Popovich
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119991 Russia
- Kotel'nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics RAS Fryazino 141120 Russia
| | - Sergey Savin
- MIREA - Russian Technological University Moscow 119454 Russia
| | - Dmitry Sovyk
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Ivan Tiazhelov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Dmitrii Pasternak
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Soumen Mandal
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University CF24 3AA Cardiff UK
| | - Victor Ralchenko
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow 119991 Russia
- Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Synthesis of Y3Al5O12:Ce Powders for X-ray Luminescent Diamond Composites. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10120240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A concentration series of Y3Al5O12:Ce solid solutions were prepared, and the composition demonstrating the highest X-ray luminescence intensity of cerium was identified. Based on the best composition, a series of luminescent diamond–Y3Al5O12:Ce composite films were synthesized using microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in methane–hydrogen gas mixtures. Variations in the amounts of the embedded Y3Al5O12:Ce powders allowed for the fine-tuning of the luminescence intensity of the composite films.
Collapse
|
7
|
K.C. A, Siddique A, Anderson J, Saha R, Gautam C, Ayala A, Engdahl C, Holtz MW, Piner EL. Preferentially oriented growth of diamond films on silicon with nickel interlayer. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A multistep deposition technique is developed to produce highly oriented diamond films by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) on Si (111) substrates. The orientation is produced by use of a thin, 5–20 nm, Ni interlayer. Annealing studies demonstrate diffusion of Ni into Si to form nickel silicides with crystal structure depending on temperature. The HFCVD diamond film with Ni interlayer results in reduced non-diamond carbon, low surface roughness, high diamond crystal quality, and increased texturing relative to growth on bare silicon wafers. X-ray diffraction results show that the diamond film grown with 10 nm Ni interlayer yielded 92.5% of the diamond grains oriented along the (110) crystal planes with ~ 2.5 µm thickness and large average grain size ~ 1.45 µm based on scanning electron microscopy. Texture is also observed to develop for ~ 300 nm thick diamond films with ~ 89.0% of the grains oriented along the (110) crystal plane direction. These results are significantly better than diamond grown on Si (111) without Ni layer with the same HFCVD conditions. The oriented growth of diamond film on Ni interlayers is explained by a proposed model wherein the nano-diamond seeds becoming oriented relative to the β1-Ni3Si that forms during the diamond nucleation period. The model also explains the silicidation and diamond growth processes.
Article Highlights
High quality diamond film with minimum surface roughness and ~93% oriented grains along (110) crystallographic direction is grown on Si substrate using a thin 5 to 20 nm nickel layer.
A detailed report on the formation of different phases of nickel silicide, its stability with different temperature, and its role for diamond film texturing at HFCVD growth condition is presented.
A diamond growth model on Si substrate with Ni interlayer to grow high quality-oriented diamond film is established.
Collapse
|