1
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Sutar P, Das TN, Jena R, Dutta D, Bhattacharyya AJ, Maji TK. Proton Conductivity in a Metal-Organic Cube-Based Framework and Derived Hydrogel with Tubular Morphology. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5913-5922. [PMID: 38436582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The hydrogels, formed by self-assembly of predesigned, discrete metal-organic cubes (MOCs), have emerged as a new type of functional soft material whose diverse properties are yet to be explored. Here, we explore the proton conductivity of a MOC-based supramolecular porous framework {(Me2NH2)12[Ga8(ImDC)12]·DMF·29H2O} (1) (ImDC = 4,5-imidazole dicarboxylate) and derived hydrogel (MOC-G1). The intrinsic charge-assisted H-bonded (between anionic MOC {[Ga8(ImDC)12]12-} and dimethylammonium cations) framework 1 exhibits an ambient condition proton conductivity value of 2.3 × 10-5 S cm-1 (@40% RH) which increases with increasing temperature (8.2 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 120 °C and 40% RH) and follows the Grotthuss type of mechanism of proton conduction. Self-assembly of the MOCs in the presence of ammonium cations, as molecular binders, resulted in a hydrogel (MOC-G1) that shows directional H-bonded 1D nanotubular morphology. While guest water molecules are immensely important in deciding the proton conductivity of both 1 and MOC-G1, the presence of additional proton carriers, such as DMA and ammonium cations, resulted in at least 1 order increment in the proton conductivity of the latter (1.8 × 10-2 S cm-1) than the former (1.4 × 10-3 S cm-1) under 25 °C and 98% RH condition. The values of proton conductivity of 1 and MOC-G1 are comparable with those of the best proton conduction reports in the literature. This work may pave the way for the development of proton conductors with unique architecture and conductivity requisite for the state-of-the-art technologies by selecting appropriate MOC and molecular binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papri Sutar
- Molecular Materials Laboratory, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), International Centre for Materials Science (ICMS), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam 788010, India
| | - Tarak Nath Das
- Molecular Materials Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), International Centre for Materials Science (ICMS), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Rohan Jena
- Molecular Materials Laboratory, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), International Centre for Materials Science (ICMS), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Dipak Dutta
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit (SSCU), and Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aninda Jiban Bhattacharyya
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit (SSCU), and Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Maji
- Molecular Materials Laboratory, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), International Centre for Materials Science (ICMS), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
- Molecular Materials Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), International Centre for Materials Science (ICMS), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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2
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Hemmasi E, Tohidian M, Makki H. Morphology and Transport Study of Acid-Base Blend Proton Exchange Membranes by Molecular Simulations: Case of Chitosan/Nafion. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:10624-10635. [PMID: 38037344 PMCID: PMC10726362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Blending a basic polymer (e.g., chitosan) with Nafion can modify some membrane properties in direct methanol fuel cell applications, e.g., controlling methanol crossover, by regulating the morphology of hydrophilic channels. Unraveling the mechanisms by which the channel morphology is modified is essential to formulate design strategies for acid-base blend membrane development. Thus, we use molecular simulations to analyze the morphological features of a blend membrane (at 75/25 chitosan/Nafion wt %), i.e., (i) water/polymer phase organizations, (ii) number and size of water clusters, and (iii) quantitative morphological measures of hydrophilic channels, and compare them to the pure Nafion in a wide range of water contents. It is found that the affinity of water to different hydrophilic groups in the blend membrane can result in more distorted and dispersed hydrophilic phase and fewer bulk water-like features compared to pure Nafion. Also, the width of the hydrophilic network bottleneck, i.e., pore limiting diameter (PLD), is found to be almost five times smaller for the blend membrane compared to Nafion at their maximum water contents. Moreover, by changing the chitosan/Nafion weight ratio from 75/25 to 0/100, we show that as Nafion content increases, all channel morphological characteristics alter monotonically except PLD. This is mainly due to the strong acid-base interactions between Nafion and chitosan, which hinder the monotonic growth of PLD. Interestingly, water and methanol diffusion coefficients are strongly correlated with PLD, suggesting that PLD can be used as a single parameter for tailoring the blending ratio for achieving the desired diffusion properties of acid-base membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Hemmasi
- Department
of Polymer and Color Engineering, Amirkabir
University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran 59163-4311, Iran
| | - Mahdi Tohidian
- Department
of Polymer and Color Engineering, Amirkabir
University of Technology, 424 Hafez Avenue, Tehran 59163-4311, Iran
| | - Hesam Makki
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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3
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Qu JX, Fu YM, Meng X, He YO, Li CJ, Sun HX, Yang RG, Wang HN, Su ZM. Construction of Zr-Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Composite Materials toward Anhydrous Proton Conduction and Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15992-15999. [PMID: 37735108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks constructed from Zr usually possess excellent chemical and physical stability. Therefore, they have become attractive platforms in various fields. In this work, two families of hybrid materials based on ZrSQU have been designed and synthesized, named Im@ZrSQU and Cu@ZrSQU, respectively. Im@ZrSQU was prepared through the impregnation method and employed for proton conduction. Im@ZrSQU exhibited terrific proton conduction performance in an anhydrous environment, with the highest proton conduction value of 3.6 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 110 °C. In addition, Cu@ZrSQU was synthesized via the photoinduction method for the photoreduction of CO2, which successfully promoted the conversion of CO2 into CO and achieved the CO generation rate of up to 12.4 μmol g-1 h-1. The photocatalytic performance of Cu@ZrSQU is derived from the synergistic effect of Cu NPs and ZrSQU. Based on an in-depth study and discussion toward ZrSQU, we provide a versatile platform with applications in the field of proton conduction and photocatalysis, which will guide researchers in their further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yao-Mei Fu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Green and High-Value Marine Fine Chemical, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
| | - Xing Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yu-Ou He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Green and High-Value Marine Fine Chemical, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
| | - Hong-Xu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Rui-Gang Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Hai-Ning Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Green and High-Value Marine Fine Chemical, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
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4
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Castro R, Karulina E, Lapatin N. Polarization Processes in Nafion Composite Membranes Doped with Rare-Earth Metals. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6172. [PMID: 37763450 PMCID: PMC10532554 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric spectroscopy (frequency range f = 100…107 Hz and temperatures T = 293…403 K (accuracy 0.5 K), measuring voltage applied to the sample was 1.0 V) was used to study composite materials based on perfluorosulfonic membranes with inclusions of rare-earth elements, in particular, europium (III) and terbium (III) chlorides. The dispersion of the permittivity and the presence of maxima, corresponding to losses, were revealed, which indicates that relaxation processes of various natures were present. The membrane layers under investigation are characterized by relaxation parameters that correspond to a symmetrical distribution of relaxers over relaxation times. The spectrum of relaxers changed when terbium and europium metal impurities were introduced into the polymer matrix. The investigation of these polymer systems demonstrated a power-law dependence of the specific conductivity on frequency. A decrease in the exponent with increasing temperature indicates the existence of a traditional hopping mechanism for charge transfer. The observed changes in the dielectric permittivity and specific conductivity are due to a change in the nature of polarization processes because of the strong interaction of metal (terbium and europium) ions with the polymer matrix of Nafion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nikolay Lapatin
- Institute of Physics, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, 48 Moika Emb., 191186 St. Petersburg, Russia; (R.C.); (E.K.)
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Zhang Z, Liu H, Dong T, Deng Y, Li Y, Lu C, Jia W, Meng Z, Zhou M, Tang H. Phosphonate poly(vinylbenzyl chloride)-Modified Sulfonated poly(aryl ether nitrile) for Blend Proton Exchange Membranes: Enhanced Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3203. [PMID: 37571097 PMCID: PMC10421228 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Blend proton exchange membranes (BPEMs) were prepared by blending sulfonated poly(aryl ether nitrile) (SPAEN) with phosphorylated poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) (PPVBC) and named as SPM-x%, where x refers to the proportion of PPVBC to the weight of SPAEN. The chemical complexation interaction between the phosphoric acid and sulfonic acid groups in the PPVBC-SPAEN system resulted in BPEMs with reduced water uptake and enhanced mechanical properties compared to SPAEN proton exchange membranes. Furthermore, the flame retardancy of the PPVBC improved the thermal stability of the BPEMs. Despite a decrease in ion exchange capacity, the proton conductivity of the BPEMs in the through-plane direction was significantly enhanced due to the introduction of phosphoric acid groups, especially in low relative humidity (RH) environments. The measured proton conductivity of SPM-8% was 147, 98, and 28 mS cm-1 under 95%, 70%, and 50% RH, respectively, which is higher than that of the unmodified SPAEN membrane and other SPM-x% membranes. Additionally, the morphology and anisotropy of the membrane proton conductivities were analyzed and discussed. Overall, the results indicated that PPVBC doping can effectively enhance the mechanical and electrochemical properties of SPAEN membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetian Zhang
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tiandu Dong
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yingjiao Deng
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yunxi Li
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Chuanrui Lu
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Wendi Jia
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Zihan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingzheng Zhou
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Haolin Tang
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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6
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Zhang SL, Guo ZC, Xu K, Li Z, Li G. Design, Preparation, and High Intrinsic Proton Conductivity of Two Highly Stable Hydrazone-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37384833 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Assembling crystalline materials with high stability and high proton conductivity as a potential alternative to the Nafion membrane is a challenging topic in the field of energy materials. Herein, we concentrated on the creation and preparation of hydrazone-linked COFs with super-high stability to explore their proton conduction. Fortunately, two hydrazone-linked COFs, TpBth and TaBth, were solvothermally prepared by using benzene-1,3,5-tricarbohydrazide (Bth), 2,4,6-trihydroxy-benzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde (Tp), and 2,4,6-tris(4-formylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (Ta) as monomers. Their structures were simulated by Material Studio 8.0 software and confirmed by the PXRD pattern, demonstrating a two-dimensional framework with AA packing. The presence of a large number of carbonyl groups as well as -NH-NH2- groups on the backbone is responsible for their super-high water stability as well as high water absorption capacity. AC impedance tests demonstrated a positive correlation between the water-assisted proton conductivity (σ) of the two COFs and the temperature and humidity. Under 100 °C/98% RH, the highest σ values of TpBth and TaBth can reach 2.11 × 10-4 and 0.62 × 10-5 S·cm-1, which are among the high σ values of the reported COFs. Their proton-conductive mechanisms were highlighted by structural analyses as well as N2 and H2O vapor adsorption data and activation energy values. Our systematic research affords ideas for the synthesis of proton-conducting COFs with high σ values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Long Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kaiyin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zifeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Chemistry and Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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7
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Javed A, Palafox Gonzalez P, Thangadurai V. A Critical Review of Electrolytes for Advanced Low- and High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37326582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the 21st century, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) represent a promising source of power generation due to their high efficiency compared with coal combustion engines and eco-friendly design. Proton exchange membranes (PEMs), being the critical component of PEMFCs, determine their overall performance. Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) based Nafion and nonfluorinated-based polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes are commonly used for low- and high-temperature PEMFCs, respectively. However, these membranes have some drawbacks such as high cost, fuel crossover, and reduction in proton conductivity at high temperatures for commercialization. Here, we report the requirements of functional properties of PEMs for PEMFCs, the proton conduction mechanism, and the challenges which hinder their commercial adaptation. Recent research efforts have been focused on the modifications of PEMs by composite materials to overcome their drawbacks such as stability and proton conductivity. We discuss some current developments in membranes for PEMFCs with special emphasis on hybrid membranes based on Nafion, PBI, and other nonfluorinated proton conducting membranes prepared through the incorporation of different inorganic, organic, and hybrid fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroosa Javed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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8
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Chandra Kishore S, Perumal S, Atchudan R, Alagan M, Wadaan MA, Baabbad A, Manoj D. Recent Advanced Synthesis Strategies for the Nanomaterial-Modified Proton Exchange Membrane in Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:590. [PMID: 37367794 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen energy is converted to electricity through fuel cells, aided by nanostructured materials. Fuel cell technology is a promising method for utilizing energy sources, ensuring sustainability, and protecting the environment. However, it still faces drawbacks such as high cost, operability, and durability issues. Nanomaterials can address these drawbacks by enhancing catalysts, electrodes, and fuel cell membranes, which play a crucial role in separating hydrogen into protons and electrons. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have gained significant attention in scientific research. The primary objectives are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in the automotive industry, and develop cost-effective methods and materials to enhance PEMFC efficiency. We provide a typical yet inclusive review of various types of proton-conducting membranes. In this review article, special focus is given to the distinctive nature of nanomaterial-filled proton-conducting membranes and their essential characteristics, including their structural, dielectric, proton transport, and thermal properties. We provide an overview of the various reported nanomaterials, such as metal oxide, carbon, and polymeric nanomaterials. Additionally, the synthesis methods in situ polymerization, solution casting, electrospinning, and layer-by-layer assembly for proton-conducting membrane preparation were analyzed. In conclusion, the way to implement the desired energy conversion application, such as a fuel cell, using a nanostructured proton-conducting membrane has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somasundaram Chandra Kishore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suguna Perumal
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, Seoul 143747, Republic of Korea
| | - Raji Atchudan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Muthulakshmi Alagan
- Center for Environmental Management Laboratory, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad Ahmad Wadaan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohannad Baabbad
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Devaraj Manoj
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Material Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Zhang H, Lin Z, Hu Y, Ma S, Liang Y, Ren L, Ren L. Low-Voltage Driven Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuators: Structures, Materials, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206135. [PMID: 36683153 PMCID: PMC10074110 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With the characteristics of low driving voltage, light weight, and flexibility, ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) have attracted much attention as excellent candidates for artificial muscle materials in the fields of biomedical devices, flexible robots, and microelectromechanical systems. Under small voltage excitation, ions inside the IPMC proton exchange membrane migrate directionally, leading to differences in the expansion rate of the cathode and the anode, which in turn deform. This behavior is caused by the synergistic action of a three-layer structure consisting of an external electrode layer and an internal proton exchange membrane, but the electrode layer is more dominant in this process due to the migration and storage of ions. The exploration of modifications and alternatives for proton exchange membranes and recent advances in the fabrication and characterization of conductive materials, especially carbon-based materials and conductive polymers, have contributed significantly to the development of IPMCs. This paper reviews the progress in the application of proton exchange membranes and electrode materials for IPMCs, discusses various processes currently applied to IPMCs preparation, and introduces various promising applications of cutting-edge IPMCs with high performance to provide new ideas and approaches for the research of new generation of low-voltage ionic soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics‐Jilin UniversityJilin UniversityWeihai264207China
| | - Zhaohua Lin
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Yong Hu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
- Weihai Institute for Bionics‐Jilin UniversityJilin UniversityWeihai264207China
| | - Suqian Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Yunhong Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
| | - Lei Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil EngineeringUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Luquan Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Bionic EngineeringMinistry of EducationJilin UniversityChangchun130025China
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10
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Ju M, Meng L, Xu J, Chen X, Yu J, Wang Z. Achieving high proton conductivity for fuel cells based on chemically grafted poly(arylene ether ketone sulfone) and metal-organic frameworks. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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11
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Effects of microstructure on the retention of proton conductivity of Nafion/SiO2 composite membranes at elevated temperatures:An in situ SAXS study. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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12
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Deng Z, Li B, Gong J, Zhao C. A Bibliometric Study on Trends in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Research during 1990-2022. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1217. [PMID: 36557124 PMCID: PMC9784070 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with high density and safe reliability has been extensively studied in the world. With the circumstance of extensive PEMFC research, in this study we carried out a bibliometric analysis to understand the technological development. The information of 17,769 related publications from 1990 to 2022 was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection for bibliometric analysis based on the VOSviewer tool. The results show that the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy dominates among all of the source journals. The closest collaboration is between China and the USA, and publications from both of those account for 53.9% of the total. In terms of institutions, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has prolific publications, in which representative groups, such as Shao Zhigang's, have achieved many outputs in this field. The theme of PEMFC research can be divided into three aspects: "materials", "design" and "mechanisms". This study demonstrated overall mapping knowledge domain and systematic analysis, and contributed to making a guide for researchers on the progress and trends of PEMFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Deng
- Research Institute of New Energy Vehicle Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baozhu Li
- Internet of Things & Smart City Innovation Platform, Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Research Institute, Zhuhai 518057, China
| | - Jinqiu Gong
- Research Institute of New Energy Vehicle Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Research Institute of New Energy Vehicle Technology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
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13
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Agyekum EB, Ampah JD, Wilberforce T, Afrane S, Nutakor C. Research Progress, Trends, and Current State of Development on PEMFC-New Insights from a Bibliometric Analysis and Characteristics of Two Decades of Research Output. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1103. [PMID: 36363658 PMCID: PMC9698372 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of hydrogen could increase by sixfold in 2050 compared to 2020 levels, reaching about 530 Mt. Against this backdrop, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has been a major research area in the field of energy engineering. Several reviews have been provided in the existing corpus of literature on PEMFC, but questions related to their evolutionary nuances and research hotspots remain largely unanswered. To fill this gap, the current review uses bibliometric analysis to analyze PEMFC articles indexed in the Scopus database that were published between 2000-2021. It has been revealed that the research field is growing at an annual average growth rate of 19.35%, with publications from 2016 to 2012 alone making up 46% of the total articles available since 2000. As the two most energy-consuming economies in the world, the contributions made towards the progress of PEMFC research have largely been from China and the US. From the research trend found in this investigation, it is clear that the focus of the researchers in the field has largely been to improve the performance and efficiency of PEMFC and its components, which is evident from dominating keywords or phrases such as 'oxygen reduction reaction', 'electrocatalysis', 'proton exchange membrane', 'gas diffusion layer', 'water management', 'polybenzimidazole', 'durability', and 'bipolar plate'. We anticipate that the provision of the research themes that have emerged in the PEMFC field in the last two decades from the scientific mapping technique will guide existing and prospective researchers in the field going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Bonah Agyekum
- Department of Nuclear and Renewable Energy, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia Boris Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Jeffrey Dankwa Ampah
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tabbi Wilberforce
- Mechanical Engineering and Design, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Sandylove Afrane
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Christabel Nutakor
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo P.O. Box 24, Ghana
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Neeshma M, Dhanasekaran P, Sreekuttan MU, Santoshkumar DB. Short side chain perfluorosulfonic acid composite membrane with covalently grafted cup stacked carbon nanofibers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Poly(vinyl alcohol)/carbon nanotube (CNT) membranes for pervaporation dehydration: The effect of functionalization agents for CNT on pervaporation performance. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Rao Z, Lan M, Zhu D, Jiang L, Wang Z, Wan H, Tang B, Liu H. Synergistically promoted proton conduction of proton exchange membrane by phosphoric acid functionalized carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Jia J, Liu K, Zuo T, Song D, Wang N, Hu S, Wei X, Che Q. Enhancing proton conductivity at subzero temperature through constructing the well-ordered structure based on carbon dots. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Ng WW, Thiam HS, Pang YL, Chong KC, Lai SO. A State-of-Art on the Development of Nafion-Based Membrane for Performance Improvement in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050506. [PMID: 35629832 PMCID: PMC9143503 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Nafion, a perfluorosulfonic acid proton exchange membrane (PEM), has been widely used in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) to serve as a proton carrier, methanol barrier, and separator for the anode and cathode. A significant drawback of Nafion in DMFC applications is the high anode-to-cathode methanol fuel permeability that results in over 40% fuel waste. Therefore, the development of a new membrane with lower permeability while retaining the high proton conductivity and other inherent properties of Nafion is greatly desired. In light of these considerations, this paper discusses the research findings on developing Nafion-based membranes for DMFC. Several aspects of the DMFC membrane are also presented, including functional requirements, transport mechanisms, and preparation strategies. More importantly, the effect of the various modification approaches on the performance of the Nafion membrane is highlighted. These include the incorporation of inorganic fillers, carbon nanomaterials, ionic liquids, polymers, or other techniques. The feasibility of these membranes for DMFC applications is discussed critically in terms of transport phenomena-related characteristics such as proton conductivity and methanol permeability. Moreover, the current challenges and future prospects of Nafion-based membranes for DMFC are presented. This paper will serve as a resource for the DMFC research community, with the goal of improving the cost-effectiveness and performance of DMFC membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wuen Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Sungai Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (W.W.N.); (Y.L.P.); (K.C.C.); (S.O.L.)
| | - Hui San Thiam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Sungai Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (W.W.N.); (Y.L.P.); (K.C.C.); (S.O.L.)
- Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Yean Ling Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Sungai Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (W.W.N.); (Y.L.P.); (K.C.C.); (S.O.L.)
- Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Kok Chung Chong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Sungai Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (W.W.N.); (Y.L.P.); (K.C.C.); (S.O.L.)
- Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Soon Onn Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering & Science, Sungai Long Campus, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang 43000, Malaysia; (W.W.N.); (Y.L.P.); (K.C.C.); (S.O.L.)
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AI AKS, Louis C. Chitosan nanohybrid proton exchange membranes based on CNT and exfoliated MoS2 for fuel cell applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03063-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Jin K, Yue B, Yan L, Qiao R, Zhao H, Zhang J. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(5'-hexyloxy-1',4-biphenyl)-b-poly(2',4'-bispropoxysulfonate-1',4-biphenyl) with High Ion Exchange Capacity for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Applications. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200109. [PMID: 35313090 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) is pivotal for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In the present work, a block copolymer with hydrophilic alkyl sulfonated side groups and hydrophobic flexible alkyl ether side groups, poly(5'-hexyloxy-1',4-biphenyl)-b-poly(2',4'-bispropoxysulfonate-1',4-biphenyl) (HBP-b-xBPSBP), is designed and synthesized by copolymerization of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic oligomers. The oligomers are synthesized via a Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling of 1,3-dibromo-5-hexyloxybenzene, and 3,3'-[(4,6-dibromo-1,3-phenylene)bis(oxy)]bis(propane-1-sulfonate) or 1,4-bis(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzene. The good solubility and film-forming characteristics are achieved via the introduction of flexible hexyloxy side groups, and high ion exchange capacity (IEC) is achieved via the introduction of high density of alkyl sulfonated side groups. The HBP-b-0.5BPSBP has the highest IEC of 3.17 mmol/g, the highest proton conductivity of 43.5 mS/cm at 95 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH) and low methanol permeability of 6.45×10-7 cm2 /s. Meanwhile, crosslinked HBP-b-xBPSBP exhibits promising water uptake, swelling ratio and low methanol permeability. These characteristics are attributed to the crosslinked structure and the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nanophase separation morphology promoted by the poly(m-phenylene) main chains, flexible alkyl ether groups, and alkyl sulfonated side groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technology of Guangdong Province, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, 510640, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liuming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Risa Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiujun Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Yang P, Yin Z, Cao L, You X, Fan C, Wang X, Wu H, Jiang Z. Synergism of orderly intrinsic and extrinsic proton-conducting sites in covalent organic framework membranes. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Schiavone MM, Zhao Y, Iwase H, Arima-Osonoi H, Takata SI, Radulescu A. On the Proton Conduction Pathways in Polyelectrolyte Membranes Based on Syndiotactic-Polystyrene. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:143. [PMID: 35207065 PMCID: PMC8878390 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When functionalized by the solid-state sulfonation process, the amorphous regions of the semi-crystalline syndiotactic-polystyrene (sPS) become hydrophilic, and thus can conduct protons upon membrane hydration, which increases the interest in this material as a potential candidate for applications with proton exchange membranes. The resistance of sulfonated sPS to oxidative decomposition can be improved by doping the membrane with fullerenes. In previous work, we have described the morphology in hydrated sulfonated sPS films doped with fullerenes on different length scales as determined by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and the structural changes in such membranes as a function of the degree of hydration and temperature. In the current work, we report on the relationship between the morphology of hydrated domains as obtained by SANS and the proton conductivity in sulfonated sPS-fullerene composite membranes at different temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. Based on this combined experimental approach, clear evidence for the formation and evolution of the hydrated domains in functionalized sPS membranes has been provided and a better understanding of the hydration and conductivity pathways in this material has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki 370-1292, Gunma, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Iwase
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan; (H.I.); (H.A.-O.)
| | - Hiroshi Arima-Osonoi
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan; (H.I.); (H.A.-O.)
| | - Shin-ichi Takata
- Materials and Life Science Division, Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (JPARC), Tokai 319-1195, Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 85748 Garching, Germany;
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23
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Swaghatha AAK, Cindrella L. Assessment of proton conductivity, dielectric relaxation and other physicochemical properties of LTA zeolite blended chitosan composites for membrane applications. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Fuel cells are a promising alternative to non-renewable energy production industries such as petroleum and natural gas. The cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which makes fuel cell technology possible, is sluggish under normal conditions. Thus, catalysts must be used to allow fuel cells to operate efficiently. Traditionally, platinum (Pt) catalysts are often utilized as they exhibit a highly efficient ORR with low overpotential values. However, Pt is an expensive and precious metal, posing economic problems for commercialization. Herein, advances in carbon-based catalysts are reviewed for their application in ORRs due to their abundance and low-cost syntheses. Various synthetic methods from different renewable sources are presented, and their catalytic properties are compared. Likewise, the effects of heteroatom and non-precious metal doping, surface area, and porosity on their performance are investigated. Carbon-based support materials are discussed in relation to their physical properties and the subsequent effect on Pt ORR performance. Lastly, advances in fuel cell electrolytes for various fuel cell types are presented. This review aims to provide valuable insight into current challenges in fuel cell performance and how they can be overcome using carbon-based materials and next generation electrolytes.
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25
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Wang J, Lin J, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Wu W. Manipulating carrier arrangement in lamellar membrane channels towards highly enhanced proton conduction. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Xie M, Chu T, Wang T, Wan K, Yang D, Li B, Ming P, Zhang C. Preparation, Performance and Challenges of Catalyst Layer for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:879. [PMID: 34832108 PMCID: PMC8617821 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the composition, function and structure of the catalyst layer (CL) of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) are summarized. The hydrogen reduction reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) processes and their mechanisms and the main interfaces of CL (PEM|CL and CL|MPL) are described briefly. The process of mass transfer (hydrogen, oxygen and water), proton and electron transfer in MEA are described in detail, including their influencing factors. The failure mechanism of CL (Pt particles, CL crack, CL flooding, etc.) and the degradation mechanism of the main components in CL are studied. On the basis of the existing problems, a structure optimization strategy for a high-performance CL is proposed. The commonly used preparation processes of CL are introduced. Based on the classical drying theory, the drying process of a wet CL is explained. Finally, the research direction and future challenges of CL are pointed out, hoping to provide a new perspective for the design and selection of CL materials and preparation equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Tiankuo Chu
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Kechuang Wan
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Daijun Yang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Pingwen Ming
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Cunman Zhang
- School of Automotive Studies, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China; (M.X.); (T.C.); (T.W.); (K.W.); (D.Y.); (P.M.); (C.Z.)
- Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University (Jiading Campus), 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
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