Development and comparison of UPLC-ESI-MS and RP-HPLC-VWD methods for determining microcystin-LR

Nanozyme and bifunctional nanobody-based colorimetric-SERS dual-mode Immunosensor for microcystin-LR detection

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a potent cyanotoxin in freshwater, poses a risk of severe liver damage and other health issues, making its detection vital. However, the detection capabilities of conventional antibodies are constrained, which limited their use in immunoassays. In this work, we designed a new bifunctional nanobody, named A2.3-SBP (comprised of nanobody and streptavidin binding peptide), capable of binding with MC-LR and streptavidin. Based on A2.3-SBP and Fe3O4@Au-Pt nanozyme, we introduced an enzyme-free immunosensor that operated in microplate with colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection modes. The dual-mode assay showed color changes and SERS intensity directly correlating to MC-LR concentrations with a range from 1.0 to 500 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.26 and 0.032 ng/mL, respectively. This strategy eliminated the need for complex enzymatic reactions and realized dual-signal detection of MC-LR in 96 water samples (0.03 μg/kg) within 30 min, suggesting its potential in drinking water detection.

Application of aptamer-conjugated graphene oxide for specific enrichment of microcystin-LR in Achatina fulica prior to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), as a hepatotoxin, can cause liver swelling, hepatitis, and even liver cancer. In this study, MC-LR aptamer (Apt-3) modified graphene oxide (GO) was designed to enrich MC-LR in white jade snail (Achatina fulica) and pond water, followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis. Results indicated that the Apt-3/PEG/GO nanocomposites were highly specific to MC-LR, and the detection limit of MALDI-MS was 0.50 ng/mL. Moreover, the MC-LR can be released from nanocomposites at 75°C, thus, the reuse of Apt-3/PEG/GO is realized. Real sample analysis indicated that the Apt-3/PEG/GO nanocomposites coupled with MALDI-MS were efficient in detecting trace amounts of MC-LR in real samples. With the merits of being low cost, reusable, and easy to besynthesized, this Apt-3/PEG/GO MALDI-MS is expected to be comprehensively applied by anchoring suitable aptamers for different targets.

Synthesis of Cu2+ doped biochar and its inactivation performance of Microcystis aeruginosa: Significance of synergetic effect

The harmful cyanobacteria bloom is frequently occurring in the aquatic environment and poses a tremendous threat to both aquatic organisms and ecological function. In this study, a series of Cu2+ doped biochar (BC) composites (Cu-BCs) with different loading ratios (0.1 %-5 wt %) (Cu-BC-0.1/0.5/1/2.5/5) was successfully fabricated through a one-step adsorption method for in-situ inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa and simultaneous removal of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Compared with the single BC/CuSO4 and other Cu-BCs composites, the Cu-BC-2.5 exhibited the best algae inactivation performance with the lowest 72 h medium effective concentration (EC50) value of 0.34 mg/L and highest chlorophyll α degradation efficiency of 8.31 g/g. Notably, the as-prepared Cu-BC-2.5 maintained good inactivation performance in the near-neutral pH (6.5-8.5), and the presence of humic acid and salts such as Na2CO3 and NaCl. The outstanding inhibitory effect of the Cu-BC-2.5 could be explained by the synergetic effect between biochar and Cu2+, which greatly elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) intensity and in turn led to severe membrane damage and collapse of the antioxidant system. Additionally, the Cu-BC-2.5 could simultaneously remove the released microcystin-LR (MC-LR) throughout the inactivation process and prevent secondary pollution, thus offering a new insight into the alleviation of harmful cyanobacteria in aquatic environment.

Dual-amplification system based on CRISPR-Cas12a and horseradish peroxidase-tethered magnetic microspheres for colorimetric detection of microcystin-LR

A novel dual-amplification system based on CRISPR-Cas12a and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was developed for colorimetric determination of MC-LR. This dual-amplification was accomplished by combining the nuclease activity of CRISPR-Cas12a with the redox activity of HRP. HRP linked to magnetic beads through an ssDNA (MB-ssDNA-HRP) was used to induce a color change of the 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-H₂O₂ chromogenic substrate solution. Specific binding of MC-LR with its aptamer initiated the release of a complementary DNA (cDNA), which was designed to activate the trans-cleavage activity of CRISPR-Cas12a. Upon activation, Cas12a cut the ssDNA linker in MB-ssDNA-HRP, causing a reduction of HRP on the magnetic beads. Consequently, the UV-Vis absorbance of the HRP-catalyzed reaction was decreased. The dual-signal amplification facilitated by CRISPR-Cas12a and HRP enabled the colorimetric detection of MC-LR in the range 0.01 to 50 ng·mL^-1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.53 pg·mL^-1. The practicability of the developed colorimetric method was demonstrated by detecting different levels of MC-LR in spiked real water samples. The recoveries ranged from 86.2 to 118.5% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 8.4 to 17.6%. This work provides new inspiration for the construction of effective signal amplification platforms and demonstrates a simple and user-friendly colorimetric method for determination of trace MC-LR.

Ultrasensitive Aptasensor for Microcystin-LR Detection in Food Samples Based on Target-Activated Assembly of Y-Shaped Hairpin Probes

As a kind of algal toxin, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) causes a tremendous treat to food safety and the detection of trace levels of MC-LR is highly desirable. Herein, we developed an ultrasensitive aptasensor for MC-LR detection based on target-activated assembly of Y-shaped hairpins. The aptamer-target recognition initiates the assembly step between two Y-shaped hairpin probes through toehold-mediated DNA replacement. One of the hairpins was modified with FAM and BHQ. Through cyclic assembly reactions, a high fluorescence signal can be observed in the product. The detection limit is 0.2 pM for MC-LR detection. In addition, the biosensor is robust and has been successfully explored to assess the MC-LR concentrations in real fish and water samples with satisfactory recovery rates and good accuracy. The signal amplification can be gained through the cyclic Y-shaped hairpin assembly, which offers a simple, ultrasensitive, and reliable method for MC-LR monitoring in food samples.

Excluding interference and detecting Microcystin-LR in the natural lakes and cells based a unique fluorescence method

Cyanobacteria blooms that cause the death of aquatic and terrestrial organisms have attracted considerable attention since the 19th century. The most typical toxin in cyanobacteria blooms is cyanobacteria toxin, particularly microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Therefore, a simple and highly efficient method for detecting MC-LR plays a role in studying the ecological toxicology of MC-LR. However, as MC-LR itself is located in a complex environment, traditional techniques present complex and false-positive defects. To address the above issues, novel technologies should be explored and discovered. Herein, we describe the development of MC-BDKZ as the first paradigm of probes that can concurrently report MC-LR in natural lakes and cells. This novel material shows large Stokes Shift and possesses good photostability and high sensitivity. Considering the properties mentioned above, MC-BDKZ not only achieves the detection of MC-LR in the lake water samples, but also completes the imaging of exogenous MC-LR in cells. Moreover, the interference of many factors in the lake and cells is excluded completely in the process of MC-LR detection. We comprehensively analyzed the response principle and potential application of MC-BDKZ in the process of MC-LR detection. Compared with the conventional MC-LR detection technologies, fluorescence probe technology shows better convenience and greatly reduces distance from the practical application in vitro and in vivo. We envisioned that the development of this visual research tool could provide crucial clues for exploring the pathogenesis of MC-LR in body.

Enhanced cathodic electrochemiluminescent microcystin-LR aptasensor based on surface plasmon resonance of Bi nanoparticles

Sensitive testing for Microcystins-LR (MC-LR) is needed because of its serious environmental and human health hazards. In this work, a new type of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enhanced cathodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensing platform was designed in which boron and nitrogen co-doped graphene quantum dots (BN-GQDs) were used as the luminary and bismuth nanoparticles (Bi NPs) were used as the SPR source. SPR effect of non-precious metal Bi NPs can induce and enhance ECL signal of BN-GQDs because the fluorescence spectrum of BN-GQDs overlaps well with the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum of Bi NPs. On this basis, a sensitive sensing system based on the Bi NPs and BN-GQDs was established for MC-LR detection. The results showed that the ECL sensing signal obtained was linear with the negative logarithm of the target MC-LR concentration in the range of 0.01-5000 pM, and the detection limit was 0.003 pM. In addition, the sensor had high stability and good reproducibility, which can be applied to the detection of MC-LR in actual samples. The method had good specificity and can not be disturbed by its homolog, which can be used for sensitive and reliable detection of complex samples.

Possibility for Water Quality Biocontrol: Observation of Microcystin Transfer in the “Cyanobacteria–Cladohorn–Fish” Food Chain

Microcystins appear to be considered one of the most dangerous cyanobacterial toxins in the world. The accumulation and change of microcystins MC-LR and MC-RR in the “cyanobacteria–cladocera–fish” food chain were studied. Microcystis aeruginosa was fed to Moina macrocopa at three densities, 5.0 × 103, 5.0 × 105, and 5.0 × 106 cells/mL, and then passed to Cyprinus flammans. The total amount of MCs in the cyanobacteria cell extract increased with increasing density. The content of MCs in M. macrocopa increased with the feeding density of M. aeruginosa. In the final stage of experiments, MC-RR was the only MC that could be transmitted by M. macrocopa and persisted in red carp. In this study, changes in the concentrations of MC-LR and MC-RR in the liver of red carp seem to indicate some kind of transformation or degradation mechanism. It shows the possibility of MCs concentration-controlled biodefense in eutrophic waters.

CRISPR-Cas12a-Based Aptasensor for On-Site and Highly Sensitive Detection of Microcystin-LR in Freshwater

On-site monitoring of trace organic pollutants with facile methods is critical to environmental pollutant prevention and control. Herein, we proposed a CRISPR-Cas12a-based aptasensor platform (named as MC-LR-Casor) for on-site and sensitive detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). After hybridization with blocker DNA, the MC-LR aptamers were conjugated to magnetic beads (MBs) to get the MB aptasensor. In the presence of MC-LR, their interactions with aptamers were triggered and the specific binding caused the release of blocker DNA. Using the programmability of the CRISPR-Cas system, the released blocker DNA was designed to activate a Cas12a-crRNA complex. Single strand DNA reporters were rapidly cleaved by the complex. Signal readout could be achieved by fluorometer or lateral flow strips, which were positively correlated to MC-LR concentration. Benefiting from the CRISPR-Cas12a amplification system, the proposed sensing platform exhibited high sensitivity and reached the limit of detection of ∼3 × 10^-6 μg/L (fluorescence method) or 1 × 10^-3 μg/L (lateral flow assay). In addition, the MC-LR-Casor showed excellent selectivity and good recovery rates, demonstrating their good applicability for real water sample analysis. During the whole assay, only two steps of incubation at a constant temperature were required and the results could be visualized when employing flow strips. Therefore, the proposed assay offered a simple and convenient alternative for in situ MC-LR monitoring, which may hold great promise for future environmental surveillance.

Facile synthesis of carbon nitride quantum dots as a highly selective and sensitive fluorescent sensor for the tetracycline detection

Enhanced blue fluorescent carbon nitride quantum dots (g-C₃N₄QDs) were synthesized by a simple solvothermal “tailoring” process from bulk g-C₃N₄ and analyzed by various characterization methods. The as-obtained g-C₃N₄QDs were successfully applied in the determination of tetracycline (TC) with a good linear relationship in the range of 0.23–202.70 μM. The proposed fluorescent sensor shows excellent stability, good repeatability, high selectivity and outstanding sensitivity to TC with a low detection limit of 0.19 μM. The fluorescence quenching mechanism of g-C₃N₄QDs with TC was mainly governed by static quenching and the inner filter effect. The method was successfully applied to monitor TC in tap water and milk powder samples.

The g-C₃N₄QDs were synthesized by a simple solvothermal “tailoring” process from bulk g-C₃N₄ which have a “strong quenching” behaviour in the presence of TC. The proposed fluorescent sensor has been successfully applied to detect TC in actual samples.