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Elawad M, Elbashir AA, Sajid M, John KI, Nimir H, Yang L, Ziyada AK, Osman A, Rajab F. Metal complex as p-type dopant-based organic spiro-OMeTAD hole-transporting material for free-Li-TFSI perovskite solar cells. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:044707. [PMID: 38284656 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) is an efficient p-dopant that has been used to enhance the conductivity of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the performance of the corresponding devices is still not satisfactory due to the impact of Li-TFSI on the fill factor and the short-circuit current density of these PSCs. Herein, a new Mn complex [(Mn(Me-tpen)(ClO4)2-)]2+ was introduced as a p-type dopant into spiro-OMeTAD and was successfully applied as a hole transport material (HTM) for PSCs. Analytical studies used for device characterization included scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, current-voltage (IV) characteristics, incident photon to current efficiency, power conversion efficiency (PCE), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The UV-Vis spectra displayed oxidation in the HTM by the addition of a dopant. Moreover, the movement of electrons from the higher orbital of the spiro-OMeTAD to the dopant stimulates the generation of the hole carriers in the HTM, enhancing its conductivity with outstanding long-term stability under mild conditions in a humid (RH ∼ 30%) environment. The incorporation of the Mn complex into the composite improved the material's properties and the stability of the fabricated devices. The Mn complex as a p-type dopant for spiro-OMeTAD exhibits a perceptible PCE of 16.39% with an enhanced conductivity of 98.13%. This finding may pave a rational way for developing efficient and stable PSCs in real environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Elawad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Omdurman Islamic University, P.O. Box 382, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Abdalla A Elbashir
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, 64400 Yibin, Sichuan, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
| | - Kingsley Igenepo John
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan
- Lab of Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Veritas University Abuja, PMB 5171, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Hassan Nimir
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Li Yang
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, 64400 Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Abobakr K Ziyada
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box 10099, Jubail Industrial City 31961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelbagi Osman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd Rajab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
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Uceta H, Cabrera-Espinoza A, Barrejón M, Sánchez JG, Gutierrez-Fernandez E, Kosta I, Martín J, Collavini S, Martínez-Ferrero E, Langa F, Delgado JL. p-Type Functionalized Carbon Nanohorns and Nanotubes in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45212-45228. [PMID: 37672775 PMCID: PMC10540139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of p-type functionalized carbon nanohorns (CNHs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and their comparison with p-type functionalized single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and DWCNTs) are reported in this study for the first time. These p-type functionalized carbon nanomaterial (CNM) derivatives were successfully synthesized by [2 + 1] cycloaddition reaction with nitrenes formed from triphenylamine (TPA) and 9-phenyl carbazole (Cz)-based azides, yielding CNHs-TPA, CNHs-Cz, SWCNTs-Cz, SWCNTs-TPA, DWCNTs-TPA, and DWCNTs-Cz. These six novel CNMs were incorporated into the spiro-OMeTAD-based hole transport layer (HTL) to evaluate their impact on regular mesoporous PSCs. The photovoltaic results indicate that all p-type functionalized CNMs significantly improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE), mainly by enhancing the short-circuit current density (Jsc) and fill factor (FF). TPA-functionalized derivatives increased the PCE by 12-17% compared to the control device without CNMs, while Cz-functionalized derivatives resulted in a PCE increase of 4-8%. Devices prepared with p-type functionalized CNHs exhibited a slightly better PCE compared with those based on SWCNTs and DWCNTs derivatives. The increase in hole mobility of spiro-OMeTAD, additional p-type doping, better energy alignment with the perovskite layer, and enhanced morphology and contact interface play important roles in enhancing the performance of the device. Furthermore, the incorporation of p-type functionalized CNMs into the spiro-OMeTAD layer increased device stability by improving the hydrophobicity of the layer and enhancing the hole transport across the MAPI/spiro-OMeTAD interface. After 28 days under ambient conditions and darkness, TPA-functionalized CNMs maintained the performance of the device by over 90%, while Cz-functionalized CNMs preserved it between 75 and 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Uceta
- Instituto
de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III S/N, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - Andrea Cabrera-Espinoza
- POLYMAT, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia/San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Myriam Barrejón
- Instituto
de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III S/N, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - José G. Sánchez
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia-The Barcelona Institute of Science
and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Edgar Gutierrez-Fernandez
- POLYMAT, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia/San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Ivet Kosta
- CIDETEC,
Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 196, Donostia/San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia/San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Silvia Collavini
- POLYMAT, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia/San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Eugenia Martínez-Ferrero
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia-The Barcelona Institute of Science
and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avinguda Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Fernando Langa
- Instituto
de Nanociencia, Nanotecnología y Materiales Moleculares (INAMOL), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III S/N, Toledo 45071, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Delgado
- POLYMAT, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Tolosa 72, Donostia/San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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