One-step microwave-assisted synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots for determination of ascorbic acid and riboflavin in vitamin supplements

The synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) using chemical precursors with different organic groups is a strategy to improve optical properties and expand applications in several fields of research such as Analytical Chemistry. Ascorbic acid and riboflavin are widely used in human food supplementation, making quality monitoring of these vitamin supplements relevant and necessary. In this work, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic, sodium thiosulfate and urea were applied to obtain CQDs through a single-step microwave-assisted synthesis. The CQDs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited satisfactory and stable optical properties with luminescence at 430 nm, water solubility, and fluorescence quantum yield of 8.9 %. They were applied in the quantification of ascorbic acid and riboflavin in vitamin supplements. The fluorescence mechanisms observed were dynamic quenching for the CQDs/Cr(VI) sensor, followed by a return of fluorescence in the presence of ascorbic acid, and static quenching and inner filter effect in the interaction with riboflavin. Factorial designs 23 and 24 were used to optimize the analytical parameters. The CQDs/Cr(VI) sensor used in the determination of ascorbic acid, employing an on-off-on strategy, resulted in a linear range of 0.5 to 50 µg mL-1 and a limit of detection of 0.15 µg mL-1. The ratiometric fluorescence used in the determination of riboflavin resulted in a linear range of 0.1 to 7 µg mL-1 and a limit of detection of 0.09 µg mL-1. The analytical results for ascorbic acid were compared to the reference method of the Brazilian pharmacopeia, showing accuracy and precision according to the Brazilian Health Regulation Agency. Therefore, the synthesized CQDs were used to determine ascorbic acid and riboflavin in vitamin supplements, and the application of this nanomaterial can be expanded to different analytes and matrices, using simple and low-cost analysis techniques.

Recent Progress on Chiral Carbon Dots: Synthetic Strategies and Biomedical Applications

The discovery of chiral carbon dots (Ch-CDs) has opened up an exciting new research direction in the field of carbon dots. It not only retains the chirality of the precursor and exhibits highly symmetric chiral optical properties but also has properties such as chemical stability, antibacterial and antitumor properties, and good biocompatibility of carbon dots. Based on these advantages, the application of Ch-CDs in the biomedical field has attracted significant interest among researchers. However, a comprehensive review of the selection of precursors for Ch-CDs, preparation methods, and applications in biomedical fields is still lacking. Here, we summarize their precursor selection and preparation methods based on recent reports on Ch-CDs and provide the first comprehensive review for specific applications in biomedical engineering, such as biosensing, bioimaging, drug carriers, antibacterial and antibiofilm, and enzyme activity modulation. Finally, we discuss application prospects and challenges that need to be overcome. We hope this review will provide valuable guidance for researchers to prepare novel Ch-CDs and facilitate their application in biomedical engineering.

Inner-filter Effect Induced Fluorescence Quenching of Carbon Dots for Cr(VI) Detection with High Sensitivity

Carbon dots (CDs) were used to develop a sensitive sensing technique for detecting Cr(VI). CDs were made using a hydrothermal technique from citric acid and glutamic acid. These prepared CDs emitted blue fluorescence under excitation of 350 nm (λ_em = 420 nm), and the fluorescence quantum yield was 48.41%. Transmission electron microscope was used to examine the morphology of the CDs, which had an average size of 2.21 ± 0.39 nm. The elementary composition and bonding structure of the CDs were conducted by XPS and FT-IR spectrum. Cr(VI) quenched the fluorescence of CDs through a static quenching effect and an inner filter effect, allowing Cr(VI) to be detected quantitatively. This approach was used to detect Cr(VI) in two samples of water, with the findings demonstrating that it is reliable and accurate. The fluorescence intensity change was linearly related to the concentration of Cr(VI) in the range from 0.5 to 400 μM, with the detection limit being 0.10 μM. This approach has the virtues of wide detection range, low cost and fast response. The strategy has a great application prospect for detecting Cr(VI) in practical samples.