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Shanmuganathan R, Sharma A, Alshehri MA, Kamarudin SK, Arivalagan P. Mesoporous SO 42- / kit-6-catalyzed hydrocracking of waste chicken oil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119482. [PMID: 38914252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we studied the hydrocracking of waste chicken oil (WCO) catalyzed by mesoporous SO42-/KIT-6. The study included WCO extraction, SO42-/KIT-6 catalyst synthesis, hydrocracking, and catalytic characterization. XRD patterns revealed intense peaks in the low-angle region, with shoulder peaks showing an increase in sulphate loading from 10% to 30%. The BET-specific surface area for the pure KIT-6 supports measured at 1003 m2/g, indicative of a well-defined mesoporous structure. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a two-stage weight loss, attributed to the elimination of hydrated water (about 200 °C) and decomposition of sulphate ions (400-450 °C). SEM analysis highlighted the surface morphology of the active SK-2 catalyst. Hydrocatalytic and catalytic cracking reactions were performed, and about 99.8% conversion was achieved with 20 mL/H H2 flow, whereas higher production of bioliquids was observed at a flow of 15 mL/h. The hydrocracking mechanism was also studied to understand the formation of lower hydrocarbons. GC analyses of simulated distilled gasoline, kerosene, and diesel showed diverse hydrocarbon compositions. For engine testing, non-hydrocracked fuel rose to 28 kW at 3000 rpm and declined to 21 kW at 3500 rpm. Emission analysis revealed decreasing trends in NOX emissions of hydrogen-rich blends, with values of 65 ppm, 54 ppm, and 48 ppm for petrol, NHBL, and HBL, respectively. Similarly, SO2 emissions reduced from petrol to NHBL and HBL at 910 ppm, 800 ppm, and 600 ppm, respectively, suggesting reduced environmental impact. CO emissions exhibited a substantial reduction in NHBL (0.90%) and HBL (0.54%) compared to petrol (2.70%), emphasizing the cleaner combustion characteristics. Our results provide a comprehensive exploration of waste chicken oil hydrocracking, emphasizing catalyst synthesis, fuel characterization, engine performance, and environmental impact, thereby contributing valuable insights to the field of sustainable bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajasree Shanmuganathan
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam.
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centre of Bioengineering, NatProLab, AgroInnovationLab, School of Engineering and Sciences, Queretaro, 76130, Mexico
| | | | - S K Kamarudin
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pugazhendhi Arivalagan
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Senusi W, Ahmad MI, Binhweel F, Shalfoh E, Alsaedi S, Shakir MA. Biodiesel production and characteristics from waste frying oils: sources, challenges, and circular economic perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:33239-33258. [PMID: 38696017 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33533-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Biodiesel serves as a viable alternative to traditional diesel due to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, and lower environmental footprint. Among the diverse edible and inedible feedstocks, waste frying oil emerges as a promising and affordable feedstock for biodiesel production. Commonly waste frying oils include those derived from palm, corn, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, and canola. The primary challenge related to biodiesel production technologies is the high production cost, which poses a significant barrier to its widespread adoption. Thus, refining the production techniques is essential to enhance yield, reduce capital expenditure, and curtail raw material expenses. An examination of the research focusing on feedstock availability, production, hurdles, operational expenditures, and future potential is pivotal for identifying the most economically and technically viable solutions. This paper critically reviews such research by exploring feedstock availability, production techniques, challenges, and costs intrinsic to biodiesel synthesis. It also underscores the economic feasibility of biodiesel production, shedding light on the pivotal factors that influence profitability, especially when leveraging waste frying oils. Through an in-depth understanding of these considerations, optimal production and feedstock choices for biodiesel production can be identified. Addressing cost and production bottlenecks could potentially enhance the economic viability of waste frying oil-based biodiesel, thus fostering both environmental sustainability and more extensive adoption of biodiesel as an environmental-friendly fuel in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wardah Senusi
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mardiana Idayu Ahmad
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Fozy Binhweel
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ehsan Shalfoh
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sami Alsaedi
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Aliff Shakir
- Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Li J, Yin H, Liu S, Xu C, Cai Z. Significantly enhanced catalytic performance of Pd nanocatalyst on AlOOH featuring abundant solid surface frustrated Lewis pair for improved hydrogen activation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12593-12599. [PMID: 38638811 PMCID: PMC11024899 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01852d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The catalytic performance of a catalyst is significantly influenced by its ability to activate hydrogen. Constructing frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) with the capacity for hydrogen dissociation on non-reducible supports remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we employed a straightforward method to synthesize a layered AlOOH featuring abundant OH defects suitable for constructing solid surface frustrated Lewis pair (ssFLP). The results indicated that the AlOOH-80 (synthesized at 80 °C) possessed an appropriate crystalline structure conducive to generating numerous OH defects, which facilitated the formation of ssFLP. This was further evidenced by the minimal water adsorption in the AlOOH-80, inversely correlated with the quantity of defects in the catalyst. As expected, the Pd loaded onto AlOOH (Pd/AlOOH-80) exhibited excellent catalytic activity in hydrogenation reactions, attributed to abundant defects available for constructing ssFLP. Remarkably, the Pd/AlOOH-80 catalyst, with larger-sized Pd nanoparticles, displayed notably superior activity compared to commercial Pd/Al2O3 and Pd/C, both featuring smaller-sized Pd nanoparticles. Evidently, under the influence of ssFLP, the size effect of Pd nanoparticles did not dominate, highlighting the pivotal role of ssFLP in enhancing catalytic performance. This catalyst also exhibited exceptionally high stability, indicating its potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan NormalUniversity Zhangzhou 363000 China
| | - Hongshuai Yin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan NormalUniversity Zhangzhou 363000 China
| | - Sisi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan NormalUniversity Zhangzhou 363000 China
| | - Chaofa Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan NormalUniversity Zhangzhou 363000 China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University Zhangzhou 363000 China
| | - Zhixiong Cai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan NormalUniversity Zhangzhou 363000 China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University Zhangzhou 363000 China
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Das K, Majumdar S. Expedient approach for trans-esterification of β-keto esters under solvent free conditions using silica supported boric acid (SiO 2-H 3BO 3) as a recyclable catalyst. RSC Adv 2022; 12:21493-21502. [PMID: 35975067 PMCID: PMC9346990 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03855b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly efficient trans-esterification of β-keto methyl/ethyl esters with primary, secondary, allylic, benzylic and chiral alcohols has been carried out in excellent yields under solvent-free conditions using silica supported boric acid as a heterogeneous catalyst. The surface morphology of the silica-boric acid catalyst (fresh and recycled) has been characterized by SEM and EDX techniques. This sustainable protocol resulted in a remarkable enhancement in the synthetic efficiency (87–95% yield) with high purity and eliminating the use of an environmentally toxic solvent. The work up procedure is very simple and the catalyst has been successfully recovered and recycled. The present methodology is also applicable for trans-esterification with chiral alcohols on a multi-gram scale without compromising the yield. Noteworthy features of this protocol are simple operational procedure, minimizing production of chemical waste, mild reaction conditions, easy preparation of the catalyst and its recyclability up to five cycles without any appreciable loss of catalytic activity. A simple, mild, high yielding and minimizing chemical waste procedure for trans-esterification of β-keto methyl/ethyl esters with alcohol groups was developed under solvent-free condition using silica-boric acid as recyclable heterogeneous catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-2374802 +91-381-237-9070
| | - Swapan Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-2374802 +91-381-237-9070
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