Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma as a powerful tool for the synthesis of rhenium-based nanostructures for the catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol

Essentials and Pertinence of Cold Plasma in Essential Oils, Metal-Organic Frameworks and Agriculture

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) comprises an ensemble of ionized gas, neutral particles, and/or reactive species. Electricity is frequently used to produce CAPP via a variety of techniques, including plasma jets, corona discharges, dielectric barrier discharges, and glow discharges. The type and flow rates of the carrier gas(es), temperature, pressure, and vacuum can all be altered to control the desired properties of the CAPP. Since a few decades ago, CAPP has become a widely used technology with applications in every walk of life. The plasma activated liquid mediums like water, ethanol, and methanol have been merged as novel sterilizers. With recent advancements in material science, particularly work on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), essential oils, and agricultural technologies, CAPP has become a vital component of these advancements. Likewise, CAPP has been found as a green and benign technology to induce early seed germination and plant development. This review covers the critical components of CAPP, the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and mechanisms by which CAPP-based technologies are applied to agricultural products, MOFs, and essential oils.

Catalytically enhanced direct degradation of nitro-based antibacterial agents using dielectric barrier discharge cold atmospheric pressure plasma and rhenium nanoparticles

The common utilization of antimicrobial agents in medicine and veterinary creates serious problems with multidrug resistance spreading among pathogens. Bearing this in mind, wastewaters have to be completely purified from antimicrobial agents. In this context, a dielectric barrier discharge cold atmospheric pressure plasma (DBD-CAPP) system was used in the present study as a multifunctional tool for the deactivation of nitro-based pharmacuticals such as furazolidone (FRz) and chloramphenicol (ChRP) in solutions. A direct approach was applied to this by treating solutions of the studied drugs by DBD-CAPP in the presence of the ReO4- ions. It was found that Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS), generated in the DBD-CAPP-treated liquid, played a dual role in the process. On the one hand, ROS and RNS led to the direct degradation of FRz and ChRP, and on the other hand, they enabled the production of Re nanoparticles (ReNPs). The produced in this manner ReNPs consisted of catalytically active Re+4, Re+6, and Re+7 species which allowed the reduction of -NO2 groups contained in the FRz and ChRP. Unlike the DBD-CAPP, the catalytically enhanced DBD-CAPP led to almost FRz and ChRP removals from studied solutions. The catalytic boost was particularly highlighted when catalyst/DBD-CAPP was operated in the synthetic waste matrix. Re-active sites in this scenario led to the facilitated deactivation of antibiotics, achieving significantly higher FRz and ChRP removals than DBD-CAPP on its own.

Catalytic reductions of nitroaromatic compounds over heterogeneous catalysts with rhenium sub-nanostructures

Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are key contaminants of anthropogenic origin and pose a severe threat to human and animal lives. Although the catalytic activities of Re nanostructures (NSs) are significantly higher than those of other heterogeneous catalysts containing NSs, few studies have been reported on the application of Re-based nanocatalysts for NAC hydrogenation. Accordingly, herein, catalytic reductions of nitrobenzene (NB), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), 2-nitroaniline (2-NA), 4-nitroaniline (4-NA), and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (2,4,6-TNP) over new Re-based heterogeneous catalysts were proposed. The catalytic materials were designed to enable effective syntheses and stabilisation of particularly small Re structures over them. Accordingly, catalytic hydrogenations of NACs under mild conditions were significantly enhanced by Re sub-nanostructures (Re-sub-NSs). The highest pseudo-first-order rate constants for NB, 4-NP, 2-NA, 4-NA, and 2,4,6-TNP reductions over the catalyst acquired by stabilising Re using bis(3-aminopropyl)amine (BAPA), which led to Re-sub-NSs with Re concentrations of 16.7 wt%, were 0.210, 0.130, 0.100, 0.180, and 0.090 min-1, respectively.

Heterogenous nanocomposite catalysts with rhenium nanostructures for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

Stable and efficient heterogenous nanocatalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) has attracted much attention in recent years. In this context, a unique and efficient in situ approach is used for the production of new polymeric nanocomposites (pNCs) containing rhenium nanostructures (ReNSs). These rare materials should facilitate the catalytic decomposition of 4-NP, in turn ensuring increased catalytic activity and stability. These nanomaterials were analyzed using Fourier-Transformation Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The efficiency of the catalytic reaction was estimated based on the acquired UV-Vis spectra, which enabled the estimation of the catalytic activity using pseud-first order modelling. The applied method resulted in the successful production and efficient loading of ReNSs in the polymeric matrices. Amino functionalities played a primary role in the reduction process. Moreover, the functionality that is derived from 1.1'-carbonyl imidazole improved the availability of the ReNSs, which resulted in 90% conversion of 4-NP with a maximum rate constant of 0.29 min-1 over 11 subsequent catalytic cycles. This effect was observed despite the trace amount of Re in the pNCs (~ 5%), suggesting a synergistic effect between the polymeric base and the ReNSs-based catalyst.