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Ahsin A, Qamar A, Muthu S, Vetrivelan V, Cao J, Bian W. Superalkali nature of the Si 9M 5 (M = Li, Na, and K) Zintl clusters: a theoretical study on electronic structure and dynamic nonlinear optical properties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:17091-17101. [PMID: 38808233 PMCID: PMC11130639 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02396j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Zintl clusters have attracted widespread attention because of their intriguing bonding and unusual physical properties. We explore the Si9 and Si9M5 (where M = Li, Na, and K) Zintl clusters using the density functional theory combined with other methods. The exothermic nature of the Si9M5 cluster formation is disclosed, and the interactions of alkali metals with pristine Si9 are shown to be noncovalent. The reduced density gradient analysis is performed, in which increased van der Waals interactions are observed with the enlargement of the size of alkali metals. The influence of the implicit solvent model is considered, where the hyperpolarizability (βo) in the solvent is found to be about 83 times larger than that in the gas phase for Si9K5. The frequency-dependent nonlinear optical (NLO) response for the dc-Kerr effect is observed up to 1.3 × 1011 au, indicating an excellent change in refractive index by an externally applied electric field. In addition, natural bonding orbitals obtained from the second-order perturbation analysis show the charge transfer with the donor-acceptor orbitals. Electron localization function and localized orbital locator analyses are also performed to better understand the bonding electrons in designed clusters. The studied Zintl clusters demonstrate the superalkali character in addition to their remarkable optical and nonlinear optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atazaz Ahsin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Aamna Qamar
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - S Muthu
- Department of Physics, Arignar Anna Government Arts College Cheyyar 604407 Tamil Nadu India
| | - V Vetrivelan
- Department of Physics, Government College of Engineering Srirangam Thiruchirappalli 620012 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Jianwei Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Wensheng Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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Ahsin A, Qamar A, Lu Q, Bian W. Theoretically designed M@diaza[2.2.2]cryptand complexes: the role of non-covalent interactions in promoting NLO properties of organic electrides. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2357064. [PMID: 38835630 PMCID: PMC11149575 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2357064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Organic excess electron compounds with significant nonlinear optical (NLO) properties are widely employed in optoelectronic applications. Herein, single-alkali metals with diaza[2.2.2] cryptand (M@crypt,M=Li, Na, and K) are investigated for optoelectronic and NLO properties by using the density functional theory. Thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of present complexes are computed through interaction energy (Eint) and ab-initio molecular dynamic (AIMD) simulations. M@crypt complexes carry excess electrons and mimic molecular electrides. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis and reduced density gradient (RDG) spectra demonstrate the roles of the weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions between metal and complexant. The remarkable hyperpolarizability (βo) value up to 1.41 × 106 au may be credited to the presence of loosely bound excess electrons. The hyper Rayleigh scattering hyperpolarizability (βHRS) is recorded up to 1.31 × 106 au for the K@crypt. Furthermore, frequency-dependent first-order and second-order hyperpolarizability is more prominent at the applied frequency of ω = 0.042823 au. The electron localizing function (ELF) and localized orbital locator (LOL) analysis further disclose the nature of interaction between alkali metal and complexant. The TD-DFT method is adopted to get excited state parameters and absorbance properties. An electron density difference map (EDDM) is exploited to evaluate the orbital contributions in excited states. Hence, the studied electride may become a promising candidate for NLO materials. We anticipate that the present work will provide insight into further development of molecular electride for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atazaz Ahsin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aamna Qamar
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Bian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ahsin A, Ejaz I, Sarfaraz S, Ayub K, Ma H. Polaron Formation in Conducting Polymers: A Novel Approach to Designing Materials with a Larger NLO Response. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14043-14053. [PMID: 38559943 PMCID: PMC10976349 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Substantial efforts have been made to design and investigate new approaches for high-performance nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Herein, we report polaron formation in conducting polymers as a new approach to designing materials with a large NLO response. A comparative study of polypyrrole and polypyrrole-based polaron (nPy+ where n = 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9) is carried out for optoelectronic and NLO properties. The studied polarons (PPy+) show excellent electronic properties and have reduced ionization potential (IP) as compared to neutral PPy, and a monotonic decrease is observed with increased chain lengths (1Py to 9Py). Interesting trends of global reactivity descriptors can be seen; the softness (S) increases with an increase in the chain length of PPy, while the hardness (η) decreases in the same fashion. The EH-L gaps for the PPy+ polaronic state are significantly lower than their corresponding neutral PPy. In the polaronic model (PPy+), radicals decisively reduce the crucial excitation energy, reminiscent of excess electrons (alkali metals). The performed TDOS spectral analysis further justifies the better conductive and electronic properties of polarons (PPy+) with increased chain lengths (conjugation). The static hyperpolarizability response (βo) is recorded up to 1.3 × 102 au for 9Py, while for polaron 9Py+, it has increased up to 3.2 × 104 au. The static hyperpolarizability of the 9Py+ polaronic state is 246 times higher than that of the corresponding neutral analogue, 9Py. It is observed that the values of βo obtained at the CAM-B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory are comparable to those obtained at the LC-BLYP and ωB97XD functionals. The βvec values show a strong correlation with the total hyperpolarizability (βo). Furthermore, the calculated second harmonic generation (SHG) values are up to 4.0 × 106 au at 532 nm, whereas electro-optic Pockel's effect (EOPE) is much more pronounced at the smaller dispersion frequency (1064 nm). The TD-DFT study reveal the red-shifted absorption maxima (λmax) with an increased length of PPy+. A significant reduction in excitation energy (ΔE) is observed with increased length of PPy and PPy+, which also favors the improved NLO response. Hence, the studied thermally conducting polypyrrole-based polarons (PPy+) are new entries into NLO materials with better electrical and optical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atazaz Ahsin
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Iqra Ejaz
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Sarfaraz
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department
of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Haitao Ma
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Kashyap S, Batra K. Electric field effect on [Formula: see text] clusters for applications in MOSFETs and DSSCs: a DFT study. J Mol Model 2023; 29:376. [PMID: 37966671 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The structural, electronic, non-linear optical (NLO) and spectral properties of [Formula: see text] clusters with [Formula: see text] have been studied under the influence of an external electric field using density functional theory (DFT). The effect of variation in the Hf:Ti ratio on different properties of clusters is investigated. The motivation to study [Formula: see text] clusters lies in the fact that HfTiO thin films have wide applications in various optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices. So, it will be interesting to study the effect of electric field on [Formula: see text] clusters with the variation in the number of Hf, Ti and O atoms. It is observed that out of all the clusters, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the most stable clusters with high values of binding energy and HOMO-LUMO gap. The application of an external electric field on these most stable clusters distorts their geometry and their HOMO-LUMO gap decreases, dipole moment and polarizability increases as the electric field is increased from 0 a.u. to 340 x[Formula: see text] a.u. The applied electric field increases the polar character of clusters due to electron cloud deformation and hence, increases the reactivity of the clusters, thus making these clusters suitable for electrocatalytic reactions. The electric field controlled high values of dielectric constant makes these clusters suitable to be used in the oxide layer of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) with better capacitance. Under the effect of an electric field, the absorption peaks of UV-VIS spectra gets red-shifted. Due to the tuning of absorption spectra from ultraviolet to visible region, [Formula: see text] clusters can be thought of as a good replacement for [Formula: see text] in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). METHODS The computational study of [Formula: see text] clusters has been performed using DFT. For the ground state of [Formula: see text] clusters, the optimization and frequency calculations have been performed using hybrid B3LYP (Becke three-parameter exchange functional combined with Lee, Yang and Parr correlation functional) functional with LANL2DZ (Los Alamos National Laboratory effective core potentials with Double Zeta atomic set) basis set under hybrid-GGA (generalized gradient approximation). Optimization and frequency calculations have been performed in each case. The excited state calculations have been carried out within time-dependent DFT formalism for a total of 50 excited states. The computational chemistry software package Gaussian 16 along with its graphical interface Gaussview have been employed for the current study of [Formula: see text] clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Kashyap
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka Sector-16 C, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Kriti Batra
- University School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka Sector-16 C, New Delhi, 110078, India.
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Sohaib M, Sajid H, Sarfaraz S, Hamid MHSA, Gilani MA, Ans M, Mahmood T, Muhammad S, Alkhalifah MA, Sheikh NS, Ayub K. Enhanced nonlinear optical response of alkalides based on stacked Janus all- cis-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19325. [PMID: 37662734 PMCID: PMC10474417 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant efforts are continuously exerted by the scientific community to explore new strategies to design materials with high nonlinear optical responses. An effective approach is to design alkalides based on Janus molecules. Herein, we present a new approach to remarkably boost the NLO response of alkalides by stacking the Janus molecules. Alkalides based on stacked Janus molecule, M-n-M' (where n = 2 & 3 while M and M' are Li/Na/K) are studied for structural, energetic, electrical, and nonlinear optical properties. The thermodynamic stability of the designed complexes is confirmed by the energetic stabilities, which range between -14.07 and -28.77 kcal/mol. The alkalide character of alkali metals-doped complexes is confirmed by the NBO charge transfer and HOMO(s) densities. The HOMO densities are located on the doped alkali metal atoms, indicating their alkalide character. The absorptions in UV-Vis and near IR region confirm the deep ultraviolet transparency of the designed complexes. The maximum first static and dynamic hyperpolarizabilities of 5.13 × 107 and 6.6 × 106 au (at 1339 nm) confirm their high NLO response, especially for K-2-M' complexes. The NLO response of alkalides based on stacked Janus molecules is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the alkalide based on Janus monomer. The high values of dc-Kerr and electric field-induced response e.g., max ∼107 and 108 au, respectively have been obtained. These findings suggest that our designed complexes envision a new insight into the rational design of stable high NLO performance materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohaib
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hasnain Sajid
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Sehrish Sarfaraz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
| | | | - Mazhar Amjad Gilani
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore-54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bahrain, P. O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Alkhalifah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem S. Sheikh
- Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, KPK, 22060, Pakistan
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Benyza N, Allouche F, Dammak SW, Lanez E, Lanez T. Chemical Reactivity, Topological Analysis, and Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Responses of M3O@Al12N12: A Quantum Chemical Study. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024422130118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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