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Zhao C, Wu R, Zhang S, Hong X. Benchmark Study of Density Functional Theory Methods in Geometry Optimization of Transition Metal-Dinitrogen Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6791-6803. [PMID: 37530446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The current benchmark study is focused on determining the most precise theoretical method for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen complexes. To accomplish this goal, seven density functional (DF) methods from five distinct classes of density functional theory (DFT) have been selected, including B3LYP-D3(BJ), BP86-D3(BJ), PBE0-D3(BJ), ωB97X-D, M06, M06-L, and TPSSh-D3(BJ). These DFs will be utilized with the Karlsruhe basis set (def2-SVP). To carry out this benchmark study, a total of forty-two structurally diverse transition metal-dinitrogen compounds with experimentally known X-ray data have been selected from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC). Based on a comparison of the theoretical data with experimental values (X-ray) of the selected transition metal-dinitrogen compounds, statistical parameters such as root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) and N-N and M-N bond lengths are obtained to evaluate the performance of the seven chosen DFs. According to the obtained results, among all DFT methods used in the study, Minnesota functionals (M06 and M06-L) and TPSSh-D3(BJ) show good performance, with lower RMSD values. This suggests that these three methods are the most reliable for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen complexes. Based on the absolute errors of the N-N and M-N bond lengths relative to the X-ray data, further analysis is conducted, and it is determined that M06-L is the best functional for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen compounds. Additionally, the influence of using a high-level basis set (def2-TZVP) compared to def2-SVP on the calculated RMSD among the seven chosen methods is found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Zhao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Rongkai Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shuoqing Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, No. 2, Zhongguancun North First Street, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, No. 2, Zhongguancun North First Street, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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Chauhan A, Karnamkkott HS, Gorantla SMNV, Mondal KC. Dinitrogen Binding and Activation: Bonding Analyses of Stable V(III/I)-N 2-V(III/I) Complexes by the EDA-NOCV Method from the Perspective of Vanadium Nitrogenase. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31577-31590. [PMID: 36092593 PMCID: PMC9453968 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The FeVco cofactor of nitrogenase (VFe7S8(CO3)C) is an alternative in the molybdenum (Mo)-deficient free soil living azotobacter vinelandii. The rate of N2 reduction to NH3 by FeVco is a few times higher than that by FeMoco (MoFe7S9C) at low temperature. It provides a N source in the form of ammonium ions to the soil. This biochemical NH3 synthesis is an alternative to the industrial energy-demanding production of NH3 by the Haber-Bosch process. The role of vanadium has not been clearly understood yet, which has led chemists to come up with several stable V-N2 complexes which have been isolated and characterized in the laboratory over the past three decades. Herein, we report the EDA-NOCV analyses of dinitrogen-bonded stable complexes V(III/I)-N2 (1-4) to provide deeper insights into the fundamental bonding aspects of V-N2 bond, showing the interacting orbitals and corresponding pairwise orbital interaction energies (ΔE orb(n)). The computed intrinsic interaction energy (ΔE int) of V-N2-V bonds is significantly higher than those of the previously reported Fe-N2-Fe bonds. Covalent interaction energy (ΔE orb) is more than double the electrostatic interaction energy (ΔE elstat) of V-N2-V bonds. ΔE int values of V-N2-V bonds are in the range of -172 to -204 kcal/mol. The V → N2 ← V π-backdonation is four times stronger than V ← N2 → V σ-donation. V-N2 bonds are much more covalent in nature than Fe-N2 bonds.
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