Nanobiotic formulations as promising advances for combating MRSA resistance: susceptibilities and post-antibiotic effects of clindamycin, doxycycline, and linezolid

Novel Ti surface coated with PVA hydrogel and chitosan nanoparticles with antibacterial drug release: An experimental in vitro study

OBJECTIVES

The aims of this study were to design a novel titanium surface coated with a PVA hydrogel matrix and chitosan-based nanoparticles and to investigate the antibiotic release and its ability to inhibit microbial activity.

METHODS

Two drug delivery systems were developed and mixed. Chitosan-based nanoparticles (NP) and a polyvinyl alcohol film (PVA). The size, ζ-potential, stability, adhesive properties, and encapsulation profile of NP, as well as the release kinetics of drug delivery systems and their antimicrobial ability of PVA and PVANP films, were studied on Ti surfaces. The systems were loaded with doxycycline, vancomycin, and doxepin hydrochloride.

RESULTS

Nanoparticles presented a ζ-potential greater than 30 mV for 45 days and the efficiency drug encapsulation was 26.88% ± 1.51% for doxycycline, 16.09% ± 10.24% for vancomycin and 17.57% ± 11.08% for doxepin. In addition, PVA films were loaded with 125 μg/mL of doxycycline, 125 μg/mL of vancomycin, and 100 μg/mL of doxepin. PVANP-doxycycline achieved the antibacterial effect at 4 h while PVA-doxycycline maintained its effect at 24 h.

Intranasal ondansetron microemulsion counteracting the adverse effects of cisplatin: animal study

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin is considered one of the most effective and commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs, but despite its high therapeutic effectiveness, most patients treated with cisplatin suffer from nausea and vomiting, neurotoxic side effects, and cerebral psychiatric disorders such as depression. Therefore, the aim of the current work was to explore whether a selective 5-HT₃ receptor antagonist (Ondansetron) administered via the oral route or intranasally in microemulsion form would alleviate cisplatin's adverse effects.

METHODS

The selected ondansetron microemulsion was characterized in vitro for particle size, polydispersity, zeta potential, morphology, and nasal permeation, and in vivo in terms of anti-emetic and antidepressant activity, with the assessment of biochemical markers in brain homogenates.

RESULTS

Results revealed that both orally administered ondansetron and intranasally administered microemulsion were able to counteract the pica effect by increasing food consumption, water intake, and decreasing kaolin intake. They were also able to increase BDNF, normalize IL-6, increase serotonin, and normalize NOx, MDA, GSSH/GSH as well as 8OHdG levels in rats' brain homogenates. The intranasal ondansetron microemulsion displayed superiority compared to oral conventional ondansetron in terms of increasing food intake, reduction of stomach content, and normalization of serotonin turnover.

CONCLUSION

Ondansetron microemulsion can be administered by an alternative route of administration (intranasal) rather than oral, for patients on cisplatin chemotherapy.

Promising advances in nanobiotic-based formulations for drug specific targeting against multidrug-resistant microbes and biofilm-associated infections

Antimicrobial agents and alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections have become urgent due to the rapid development of multidrug-resistant bacteria caused by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as the ineffectiveness of antibiotics against difficult-to-treat infectious diseases. Nanobiotics is one of the strategies being explored to counter the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Nanobiotics are antibiotic molecules encapsulated in nanoparticles or artificially engineered pure antibiotics that are ≤ 100 nm in size in at least one dimension. Formulation scientists recognize nanobiotic delivery systems as an effective strategy to overcome the limitations associated with conventional antibiotic therapy. This review highlights the general mechanisms by which nanobiotics can be used to target resistant microbes and biofilm-associated infections. We focus on the design elements, properties, characterization, and toxicity assessment of organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticle and molecularly imprinted polymer-based nano-formulations that can be designed to improve the efficacy of nanobiotic formulation.

Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin as a Drug Carrier Increases the Antibacterial Susceptibility of Antibiotic—Clindamycin Phosphate

The aim of this study was to investigate the change in clindamycin phosphate antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria using the platelet-rich fibrin as a carrier matrix, and evaluate the changes in the antibiotic within the matrix. The antibacterial properties of CLP and its combination with PRF were tested in a microdilution test against reference cultures and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) or Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was done to evaluate the changes in the PRF_CLP matrix. Release kinetics of CLP was defined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). According to FTIR data, the use of PRF as a carrier for CLP ensured the structural changes in the CLP toward a more active form of clindamycin. A significant decrease in minimal bactericidal concentration values (from 1000 µg/mL to 62 µg/mL) against reference cultures and clinical isolates of S. aureus and S. epidermidis was observed for the CLP and PRF samples if compared to pure CLP solution. In vitro cell viability tests showed that PRF and PRF with CLP have higher cell viability than 70% after 24 h and 48 h time points. This article indicates that CLP in combination with PRF showed higher antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis compared to pure CLP solution. This modified PRF could be used as a novel method to increase drug delivery and efficacy, and to reduce the risk of postoperative infection.