Experimental and theoretical study of novel aminobenzamide–aminonaphthalimide fluorescent dyads with a FRET mechanism

Fluorescent Probes as a Tool in Diagnostic and Drug Delivery Systems

Over the last few years, the development of fluorescent probes has received considerable attention. Fluorescence signaling allows noninvasive and harmless real-time imaging with great spectral resolution in living objects, which is extremely useful for modern biomedical applications. This review presents the basic photophysical principles and strategies for the rational design of fluorescent probes as visualization agents in medical diagnosis and drug delivery systems. Common photophysical phenomena, such as Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT), Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer (TICT), Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET), Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT), Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), and Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE), are described as platforms for fluorescence sensing and imaging in vivo and in vitro. The presented examples are focused on the visualization of pH, biologically important cations and anions, reactive oxygen species (ROS), viscosity, biomolecules, and enzymes that find application for diagnostic purposes. The general strategies regarding fluorescence probes as molecular logic devices and fluorescence–drug conjugates for theranostic and drug delivery systems are discussed. This work could be of help for researchers working in the field of fluorescence sensing compounds, molecular logic gates, and drug delivery.

A Highly Water-Soluble and Solid State Emissive 1,8-Naphthalimide as a Fluorescent PET Probe for Determination of pHs, Acid/Base Vapors, and Water Content in Organic Solvents

A new highly water-soluble 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore designed on the “fluorophore-spacer-receptor1-receptor2” model has been synthesized. Due to the unusually high solubility in water, the novel compound proved to be a selective PET-based probe for the determination of pHs in aqueous solutions and rapid detection of water content in organic solvents. Based on the pH dependence of the probe and its high water solubility, the INH logic gate was achieved using NaOH and water as chemical inputs, where NaOH is the disabler and the water is an enabler. In addition, the probe showed effective fluorescence “off-on” reversibility on glass support after exposure to acid and base vapors, which defines it as a promising platform for rapid detection of acid/base vapors in the solid-state, thus extending the molecular sensing concept from solution to the solid support.