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Paparella AN, Stallone M, Pulpito M, Perna FM, Capriati V, Vitale P. An enhanced stereoselective synthesis of α,β-unsaturated esters through the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction in deep eutectic solvents. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1885-1891. [PMID: 38349132 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02083e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
A new scalable synthesis of (E)-α,β-unsaturated esters has been developed using protic, non-toxic, and biodegradable deep eutectic solvents through the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction between triethyl phosphonates and (hetero)aromatic carbonyl compounds, encompassing electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups. Stereoselective preparation of disubstituted or trisubstituted ethyl cinnamate derivatives is achieved in the presence of LiOH, K2CO3, or DBU as bases, at room temperature and under air. Demonstrated with the synthesis of (E)-ethyl 3-(4-bromophenyl)acrylate, the same eutectic mixture (choline chloride/urea) proved to be reusable for three consecutive runs. Gram-scale reactions (10 mmol) can be carried out without the formation of side products, thereby ensuring high atom economy and an EcoScale score of 71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicola Paparella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Margherita Stallone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Mara Pulpito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Filippo Maria Perna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Paola Vitale
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro", Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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Lui NM, Collum DB. Sodiated Oppolzer Enolates: Solution Structures, Mechanism of Alkylation, and Origin of Stereoselectivity. Org Chem Front 2023; 10:4750-4757. [PMID: 38144519 PMCID: PMC10746328 DOI: 10.1039/d3qo01021j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopic studies reveal camphorsultam-derived sodium enolates known as Oppolzer enolates reside as monomers in neat THF and THF/HMPA solutions and as dimers in toluene when solvated by N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and N,N,N',N'',N''-pentamethyldiethylenediamine (PMDTA). Density functional theory (DFT) computations attest to the solvation numbers. Rate studies show analogy with previously studied lithiated Oppolzer enolates in which alkylation occurs through non-chelated solvent-separated ion pairs. The origins of the selectivity trace to transition structures in which the alkylating agent is guided to the exo face of the camphor owing to stereoelectronic preferences imparted by the sultam sulfonyl moiety. Marked secondary-shell solvation effects are gleaned from the rate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Lui
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - David B Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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El Baraka Y, Hamdoun G, El Brahmi N, El Kazzouli S. Unlocking the Potential of Deep Eutectic Solvents for C-H Activation and Cross-Coupling Reactions: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:4651. [PMID: 37375204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Green chemistry principles have underpinned the development of deep eutectic solvents (DESs). In this brief overview, we discuss the potential of DESs as a greener alternative to volatile organic solvents for cross-coupling and C-H activation reactions in organic chemistry. DESs offer numerous benefits, such as easy preparation, low toxicity, high biodegradability, and the potential to replace volatile organic compounds. The ability of DESs to recover the catalyst-solvent system enhances their sustainability. This review highlights recent advances and challenges in utilizing DESs as a reaction media, as well as the impact of physicochemical properties on the reaction process. Several types of reactions are studied to highlight their effectiveness at promoting C-C bond formation. Aside from demonstrating the success of DESs in this context, this review also discusses the limitations and future prospects of DESs in organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine El Baraka
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology, Euromed University of Fes (UEMF), Meknes Road, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Ghanem Hamdoun
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology, Euromed University of Fes (UEMF), Meknes Road, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Nabil El Brahmi
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology, Euromed University of Fes (UEMF), Meknes Road, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Saïd El Kazzouli
- Euromed Research Center, Euromed Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology, Euromed University of Fes (UEMF), Meknes Road, Fez 30000, Morocco
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Antenucci A, Bonomo M, Ghinato S, Blangetti M, Dughera S. Design of a New Chiral Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol and Its Application in Organolithium Chemistry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238566. [PMID: 36500673 PMCID: PMC9738533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A chiral glycerol derivative, namely 3-amino-1,2-propanediol, was employed for as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) in the design of a new deep eutectic solvent (DES) with choline chloride acting as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA). The novel mixture was characterized and unambiguously classified as a DES. Furthermore, its synthetic usefulness was demonstrated in the room-temperature n-butyllithium-addition under air to carbonyl compounds and benzyl chloride. In some cases, pure products (100% conversion) were obtained by a simple extractive work-up in up to 72% isolated yield, thus suggesting the potential practical usefulness of this procedure as a green alternative to the classical Schenk procedure in volatile organic solvents for the synthesis of tertiary alcohols. The chirality of the HBD, bearing an interesting basic primary amino group, is an intriguing feature currently under investigation for further exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Antenucci
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Centro Ricerche per la Chimica Fine s.r.l. for Silvateam s.p.a., Via Torre 7, 12080 San Michele Mondovì, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Matteo Bonomo
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Gioacchino Quarello 15/a, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.B.); (S.D.)
| | - Simone Ghinato
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Dughera
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.B.); (S.D.)
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Green Solvents for Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Dimethindene: A Forward-Looking Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217594. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethindene is a selective histamine H1 antagonist and is commercially available as a racemate. Upon analyzing the synthetic pathways currently available for the industrial preparation of dimethindene, we set up a sustainable approach for the synthesis of this drug, switching from petroleum-based volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to eco-friendly solvents, such as 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) and cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) belonging to classes 3 and 2, respectively. Beyond decreasing the environmental impact of the synthesis (E-factor: 24.1–54.9 with VOCs; 12.2–22.1 with 2-MeTHF or CPME), this switch also improved the overall yield of the process (from 10% with VOCs to 21–22% with 2-MeTHF or CPME) and remarkably simplified the manual operations, working under milder conditions. Typical metrics applied at the first and second pass, according to the CHEM21 metrics toolkit, were also calculated for the whole synthetic procedure of dimethindene, and the results were compared with those of the classical procedure.
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1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Alkanone Enolates with Azides in Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Metal‐free Regioselective Synthesis of Densely Functionalized 1,2,3‐Triazoles. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Thavornpradit S, Malinski TJ, Bergbreiter DE. Applications of poly(α-olefin)s as solvents in organometallic chemistry. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Boldrini CL, Quivelli AF, Manfredi N, Capriati V, Abbotto A. Deep Eutectic Solvents in Solar Energy Technologies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030709. [PMID: 35163969 PMCID: PMC8838785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have been widely used in many fields to exploit their ecofriendly characteristics, from green synthetic procedures to environmentally benign industrial methods. In contrast, their application in emerging solar technologies, where the abundant and clean solar energy is used to properly respond to most important societal needs, is still relatively scarce. This represents a strong limitation since many solar devices make use of polluting or toxic components, thus seriously hampering their eco-friendly nature. Herein, we review the literature, mainly published in the last few years, on the use of DESs in representative solar technologies, from solar plants to last generation photovoltaics, featuring not only their passive role as green solvents, but also their active behavior arising from their peculiar chemical nature. This collection highlights the increasing and valuable role played by DESs in solar technologies, in the fulfillment of green chemistry requirements and for performance enhancement, in particular in terms of long-term temporal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Liliana Boldrini
- Solar Energy Research Center MIBSOLAR, Department of Materials Science, INSTM Milano-Bicocca Research Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (C.L.B.); (A.F.Q.); (N.M.)
| | - Andrea Francesca Quivelli
- Solar Energy Research Center MIBSOLAR, Department of Materials Science, INSTM Milano-Bicocca Research Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (C.L.B.); (A.F.Q.); (N.M.)
| | - Norberto Manfredi
- Solar Energy Research Center MIBSOLAR, Department of Materials Science, INSTM Milano-Bicocca Research Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (C.L.B.); (A.F.Q.); (N.M.)
| | - Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia–Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
- Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-080-5442174 (V.C.); +39-02-64485227 (A.A.)
| | - Alessandro Abbotto
- Solar Energy Research Center MIBSOLAR, Department of Materials Science, INSTM Milano-Bicocca Research Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (C.L.B.); (A.F.Q.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-080-5442174 (V.C.); +39-02-64485227 (A.A.)
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Quivelli AF, Marinò M, Vitale P, García‐Álvarez J, Perna FM, Capriati V. Ligand-Free Copper-Catalyzed Ullmann-Type C-O Bond Formation in Non-Innocent Deep Eutectic Solvents under Aerobic Conditions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102211. [PMID: 34762333 PMCID: PMC9299726 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and novel protocol was developed for a Cu-catalyzed Ullmann-type aryl alkyl ether synthesis by reacting various (hetero)aryl halides (Cl, Br, I) with alcohols as active components of environmentally benign choline chloride-based eutectic mixtures. Under optimized conditions, the reaction proceeded under mild conditions (80 °C) in air, in the absence of additional ligands, with a catalyst [CuI or CuII species] loading up to 5 mol% and K2 CO3 as the base, providing the desired aryloxy derivatives in up to 98 % yield. The potential application of the methodology was demonstrated in the valorization of cheap, easily available, and naturally occurring polyols (e. g., glycerol) for the synthesis of some pharmacologically active aryloxypropanediols (Guaiphenesin, Mephenesin, and Chlorphenesin) on a 2 g scale in 70-96 % yield. Catalyst, base, and deep eutectic solvent could easily and successfully be recycled up to seven times with an E-factor as low as 5.76.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Francesca Quivelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del FarmacoUniversità di Bari “Aldo Moro”Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S.Via E. Orabona 4I-70125BariItaly
| | - Manuela Marinò
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del FarmacoUniversità di Bari “Aldo Moro”Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S.Via E. Orabona 4I-70125BariItaly
| | - Paola Vitale
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del FarmacoUniversità di Bari “Aldo Moro”Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S.Via E. Orabona 4I-70125BariItaly
| | - Joaquín García‐Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Química Sintética Sostenible (QuimSinSos)Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM)Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)Universidad de Oviedo33071OviedoSpain
| | - Filippo M. Perna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del FarmacoUniversità di Bari “Aldo Moro”Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S.Via E. Orabona 4I-70125BariItaly
| | - Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia – Scienze del FarmacoUniversità di Bari “Aldo Moro”Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S.Via E. Orabona 4I-70125BariItaly
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