1
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Bühler R, Weininger RJJ, Stephan J, Muhr M, Bock BMT, Gemel C, Fischer RA. Homoleptic hexa- and penta-coordinated gallium(I) amide complexes of ruthenium and molybdenum. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38687113 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00823e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Reaction of neutral olefin complexes of ruthenium and molybdenum with GaTMP (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl) by substitution leads to the formation of respective five- and six-coordinated homoleptic products. [Ru(GaTMP)5] (1) and [Mo(GaTMP)6] (2) were isolated and characterized. Core structure geometries were analyzed using continuous shape measure, and the complexes were subjected to DFT calculations unveiling competing π-interactions between the transition metal center and the amido substituent with the unoccupied pπ orbitals of the gallium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Bühler
- Chair of Inorganic and Metalorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany and Catalysis Research Center, Erst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Richard J J Weininger
- Chair of Inorganic and Metalorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany and Catalysis Research Center, Erst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Johannes Stephan
- Chair of Inorganic and Metalorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany and Catalysis Research Center, Erst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Muhr
- Chair of Inorganic and Metalorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany and Catalysis Research Center, Erst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Balasai M-T Bock
- Chair of Inorganic and Metalorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany and Catalysis Research Center, Erst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Christian Gemel
- Chair of Inorganic and Metalorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany and Catalysis Research Center, Erst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metalorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany and Catalysis Research Center, Erst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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2
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Antsiburov I, Schütz M, Bühler R, Muhr M, Stephan J, Gemel C, Klein W, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Fischer RA. All-Hydrocarbon-Ligated Superatomic Gold/Aluminum Clusters. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3749-3756. [PMID: 38335041 PMCID: PMC10900290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Key strategies in cluster synthesis include the use of modulating agents (e.g., coordinating additives). We studied the influence of various phosphines exhibiting different steric and electronic properties on the reduction of the Au(I) precursor to Au(0) clusters. We report a synthesis of the bimetallic clusters [Au6(AlCp*)6] = [Au6Al6](Cp*)6 (1) and [HAu7(AlCp*)6] = [HAu7Al6](Cp*)6 (2) (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadiene) using Au(I) precursors and AlCp*. The cluster [Au2(AlCp*)5] = [Au2Al5](Cp*)5 (3) was isolated and identified as an intermediate species in the reactions to 1 and 2. The processes of cluster growth and degradation were investigated by in situ 1H NMR and LIFDI-MS techniques. The structures of 1 and 2 were established by DFT geometry optimization. These octahedral clusters can both be described as closed-shell 18-electron superatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Antsiburov
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Max Schütz
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Raphael Bühler
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Maximilian Muhr
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Johannes Stephan
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Christian Gemel
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Beaulieu, Rennes F-35000, France
| | | | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
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3
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Muhr M, Stephan J, Staiger L, Hemmer K, Schütz M, Heiß P, Jandl C, Cokoja M, Kratky T, Günther S, Huber D, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Cador O, Da Silva ACH, Da Silva JLF, Mink J, Gemel C, Fischer RA. Assignment of individual structures from intermetalloid nickel gallium cluster ensembles. Commun Chem 2024; 7:29. [PMID: 38351167 PMCID: PMC10864300 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Poorly selective mixed-metal cluster synthesis and separation yield reaction solutions of inseparable intermetalloid cluster mixtures, which are often discarded. High-resolution mass spectrometry, however, can provide precise compositional data of such product mixtures. Structure assignments can be achieved by advanced computational screening and consideration of the complete structural space. Here, we experimentally verify structure and composition of a whole cluster ensemble by combining a set of spectroscopic techniques. Our study case are the very similar nickel/gallium clusters of M12, M13 and M14 core composition Ni6+xGa6+y (x + y ≤ 2). The rationalization of structure, bonding and reactivity is built upon the organometallic superatom cluster [Ni6Ga6](Cp*)6 = [Ga6](NiCp*)6 (1; Cp* = C5Me5). The structural conclusions are validated by reactivity tests using carbon monoxide, which selectively binds to Ni sites, whereas (triisopropylsilyl)acetylene selectively binds to Ga sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Muhr
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Stephan
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lena Staiger
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Karina Hemmer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Max Schütz
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Patricia Heiß
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mirza Cokoja
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tim Kratky
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | | | - Olivier Cador
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Augusto C H Da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P. O. Box 780, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Juarez L F Da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, P. O. Box 780, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Janos Mink
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Material and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian Gemel
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
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4
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Zouchoune B, Saillard JY. Atom-Precise Ligated Copper and Copper-Rich Nanoclusters with Mixed-Valent Cu(I)/Cu(0) Character: Structure-Electron Count Relationships. Molecules 2024; 29:605. [PMID: 38338350 PMCID: PMC10856471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper homometallic and copper-rich heterometallic nanoclusters with some Cu(0) character are reviewed. Their structure and stability are discussed in terms of their number of "free" electrons. In many aspects, this structural chemistry differs from that of their silver or copper homologs. Whereas the two-electron species are by far the most numerous, only one eight-electron species is known, but more electron-rich nanoclusters have also been reported. Owing to the relatively recent development of this chemistry, it is likely that more electron-rich species will be reported in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bachir Zouchoune
- Unité de Recherche de Chimie de l’Environnement et Moléculaire Structurale, Université Constantine 1 (Mentouri), Constantine 25000, Algeria;
- Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquée et Technologie des Matériaux, Université Larbi Ben M’Hidi-Oum El Bouaghi, Oum El Bouaghi 04000, Algeria
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes-UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
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5
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Muhr M, Liang H, Allmendinger L, Bühler R, Napoli FE, Ukaj D, Cokoja M, Jandl C, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Gemel C, Fischer RA. Catalytic Alkyne Semihydrogenation with Polyhydride Ni/Ga Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308790. [PMID: 37408378 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The bimetallic, decanuclear Ni3 Ga7 -cluster of the formula [Ni3 (GaTMP)3 (μ2 -GaTMP)3 (μ3 -GaTMP)] (1, TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl) reacts reversibly with dihydrogen under the formation of a series of (poly-)hydride clusters 2. Low-temperature 2D NMR experiments at -80 °C show that 2 consist of a mixture of a di- (2Di ), tetra- (2Tetra ) and hexahydride species (2Hexa ). The structures of 2Di and 2Tetra are assessed by a combination of 2D NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The cooperation of both metals is essential for the high hydrogen uptake of the cluster. Polyhydrides 2 are catalytically active in the semihydrogenation of 4-octyne to 4-octene with good selectivity. The example is the first of its kind and conceptually relates properties of molecular, atom-precise transition metal/main group metal clusters to the respective solid-state phase in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Muhr
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Hao Liang
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Lars Allmendinger
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 7, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Raphael Bühler
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Fabrizio E Napoli
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Dardan Ukaj
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mirza Cokoja
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | | | - Christian Gemel
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Centre, Technical University Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
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6
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Hornung J, Muhr M, Schütz M, Heiß P, Stephan J, Jandl C, Gemel C, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Fischer RA. Metal-Metal Bonding in Late Transition-Metal [M 2L 5] Complexes: Exploring the Limits of the Isolobal Analogy between the CO and AlCp* Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37433083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Late dinuclear transition-metal (especially group 10 and 11) homoleptic carbonyl complexes are elusive species and have so far not been isolated. A typical example is the 30-electron species [Ni2(CO)5], the structure and bonding of which is still debated. We show that, by using the AlCp* ligand (isolobal to CO), it is possible to isolate and fully characterize [Ni2(AlCp*)5] (1), which inspired us to revisit by DFT calculations, the bonding situation within [Ni2L5] (L = CO, AlCp*) and other isoelectronic species. The short Ni-Ni X-ray distance in 1 (2.270 Å) should not be attributed to the existence of a typical localized triple-bond between the metals, but rather to a strong through-bond interaction involving the three bridging ligands via their donating lone pairs and accepting π* orbitals. In contrast, in the isostructural 32-electron [Au2(AlCp*)5] (2) cluster an orbital with M-M antibonding and Al...Al bonding character is occupied, which is in accordance with the particularly long Au-Au distance (3.856 Å) and rather short Al...Al contacts between the bridging ligands (2.843 Å). This work shows that, unlike late transition-metal [M2(CO)x] species, stable [M2(AlCp*)x] complexes can be isolated, owing to the subtle differences between CO and AlCp*. We propose a similar approach for rationalizing the bonding in the emblematic 34 electron species [Fe2(CO)9].
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Hornung
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Maximilian Muhr
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Max Schütz
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Patricia Heiß
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Stephan
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Gemel
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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7
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Hoyer M, Gross JH. Molecular ion formation on activated field emitters in atmospheric pressure field desorption mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:2307-2315. [PMID: 36961573 PMCID: PMC10115680 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure field desorption (APFD) mass spectrometry (MS) has recently been explored as a new contribution to the field of ambient desorption/ionization (ADI). Depending on the selected polarity applied to the field emitter, ionic and polar analytes were demonstrated to deliver positive as well as negative ions. Whereas this recent study solely reported on the formation of even-electron ions of either polarity, the present work on APFD-MS demonstrates the abundant formation of positive molecular ions, M+•, from polycyclic aromatic compounds. Molecular ions were formed on and desorbed from standard 13-µm activated tungsten wire emitters at atmospheric pressure. The commercial field emitters were positioned at about 2 mm distance in front of the atmospheric pressure interface of a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer and the entrance electrode of the interface was set to -4.5 to -5.5 kV with respect to the emitter. Emitter-disrupting electric discharges did normally not occur under these conditions. The electric field strengths achieved at the dendritic microneedles were sufficient to allow for the abundant formation of M+• ions of various polycyclic aromatic compounds such as benzo[a]pyrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-butadiene, and 1-aza-[6]helicene. In case of the extremely basic 1-aza-[6]helicene protonation strongly competed with molecular ion formation and tended to suppress the field ionization process. All molecular ion compositions were assured by accurate mass-based formula assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hoyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Wu H, Andrew GN, Anumula R, Luo Z. How ligand coordination and superatomic-states accommodate the structure and property of a metal cluster: Cu4(dppy)4Cl2 vs. Cu21(dppy)10 with altered photoluminescence. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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9
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Gross JH. Desorption of positive and negative ions from activated field emitters at atmospheric pressure. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2023; 29:21-32. [PMID: 36254584 PMCID: PMC9903004 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221133388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Field desorption (FD) traditionally is an ionization technique in mass spectrometry (MS) that is performed in high vacuum. So far only two studies have explored FD at atmospheric pressure or even superatmospheric pressure, respectively. This work pursues ion desorption from 13-µm activated tungsten emitters at atmospheric pressure. The emitters are positioned in front of the atmospheric pressure interface of a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer and the entrance electrode of the interface is set to 3-5 kV with respect to the emitter. Under these conditions positive, and for the first time, negative ion desorption is achieved. In either polarity, atmospheric pressure field desorption (APFD) is robust and spectra are reproducible. Both singly charged positive and negative ions formed by these processes are characterized by accurate mass-based formula assignments and in part by tandem mass spectrometry. The compounds analyzed include the ionic liquids trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate) and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, the acidic compounds perfluorononanoic acid and polyethylene glycol diacid, as well as two amino-terminated polypropylene glycols. Some surface mobility on the emitter is prerequisite for ion desorption to occur. While ionic liquids inherently provide this mobility, the desorption of ions from solid analytes requires the assistance of a liquid matrix, e.g. glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Linden MH, Linden HB, Gross JH. Negative-ion field desorption revitalized by using liquid injection field desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry on recent instrumentation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6845-6855. [PMID: 34494122 PMCID: PMC8551092 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Field ionization (FI), field desorption (FD), and liquid injection field desorption/ionization (LIFDI) provide soft positive ionization of gaseous (FI) or condensed phase analytes (FD and LIFDI). In contrast to the well-established positive-ion mode, negative-ion FI or FD have remained rare exceptions. LIFDI provides sample deposition under inert conditions, i.e., the exclusion of atmospheric oxygen and water. Thus, negative-ion LIFDI could potentially be applied to highly sensitive anionic compounds like catalytically active transition metal complexes. This work explores the potential of negative-ion mode using modern mass spectrometers in combination with an LIFDI source and presents first results of the application of negative-ion LIFDI-MS. Experiments were performed on two orthogonal-acceleration time-of-flight (oaTOF) instruments, a JEOL AccuTOF GCx and a Waters Micromass Q-TOF Premier equipped with LIFDI sources from Linden CMS. The examples presented include four ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., N-butyl-3-methylpyridinium dicyanamide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tricyanomethide, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate), 3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenol, dichloromethane, iodine, polyethylene glycol diacid, perfluorononanoic acid, anionic surfactants, a tetraphosphazene silanol-silanolate, and two bis(catecholato)silanes. Volatile samples were delivered as vapors via the sample transfer capillary of the LIFDI probe or via a reservoir inlet. Condensed phase samples were applied to the emitter as dilute solutions via the sample transfer capillary. The compounds either yielded ions corresponding to their intact anions, A-, or the [M-H]- species formed upon deprotonation. This study describes the instrumental setups and the operational parameters for robust operation along with a discussion of the negative-ion LIFDI spectra of a variety of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Schütz M, Gemel C, Klein W, Fischer RA, Fässler TF. Intermetallic phases meet intermetalloid clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8496-8510. [PMID: 34114586 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article intermetalloid clusters of Cu-Zn, Cu-AI, Cu-Sn, and Cu-Pb are discussed. Intermetallic compounds based on these metal combinations are of the Hume-Rothery type with well-defined structures related to the valence electron count of the involved metals. Many Zintl-type and molecular clusters with these metals are known with remarkable structural parallels to the respective solid-state phases. On several examples, this article discusses intermetalloid clusters in terms of their metal core structures and relates them to structural principles in intermetallic solid-state phases. Also the syntheses of such clusters are addressed. Zintl-type and molecular clusters are most generally accessible from organometallic precursor complexes with redox processes between the different metals as an underlying synthesis concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schütz
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Gemel
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas F Fässler
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Muhr M, Heiß P, Schütz M, Bühler R, Gemel C, Linden MH, Linden HB, Fischer RA. Enabling LIFDI-MS measurements of highly air sensitive organometallic compounds: a combined MS/glovebox technique. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9031-9036. [PMID: 33970171 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00978h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A new setup combining a ThermoFisher Exactive Plus Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer with a liquid injection field desorption ionization (LIFDI) source directly connected to an inert atmosphere glovebox is presented. The described setup allows for the analysis of very air- and moisture sensitive samples. Furthermore, the soft nature of LIFDI ionization gives access to the molecular ions of fragile molecules. This new setup is therefore especially useful for sensitive organometallic complexes. The functionality of the new setup is tested against [(Cp)2TiCl]˙, which is known for its notorious sensitivity to air and moisture. Its drastic colour change from green to orange upon exposure to air further supports the easy detection of traces of oxygen during the experiment. In addition, we applied this setup to the mass spectrometric analysis of the qualitative composition of a Cu/Al cluster mixture, which is not accessible by other analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Muhr
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Patricia Heiß
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Max Schütz
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Raphael Bühler
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Gemel
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany. and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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